The Various Types Of Child Abuse Social Work Essay

The Various Types Of baby horror Social Work EssayMinistry of Community Development, Youth and Services (MCYS, 2005) states that, Child evil is defined as any act of omission or commission by a parent or guardian which would endanger or mar the churls somatogenic or worked up wellhead-being, or that is judged by a mixture of community values and professionals to in inappropriate.Different types of paceMCYS (2005) recognised four assorted types of do by, namely physical abuse, sexual abuse, mad abuse as well as send away. In addition, neglect toilette be broken down into 4 segments physical, checkup, education and emotional (Child benefit In smorgasbordation Gateway, 2006)Therefore, what actually comprises in each of the opposite types of abuse?Physical AbuseIn accordance to Child eudaemonia Information Gateway (2005), physical abuse is physical injury ingestd by punching, beating, kicking, stabbing, burning or using a foreign object to hit the other party. The sever ity of injury whitethorn vary from minor bruises to fractures or death. Furtherto a greater extent, physical abuse does not take into consideration if perpetrators accidentally or intentionally malign the electric razor.Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is known as inappropriate activities performed by the perpetrators. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) supercharge defined sexual abuse as the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to necessitate in, or assist any other person to eng senesce in, any sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct or the rape, and in cases or caretaking or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children. (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006)Emotional AbuseChild Welfare Information Gateway (2006) states, child can be emo tional abused if perpetrators conduct behaviours that affects childs emotional comement or sense of self-worth. However, MCYS (2005) added, emotional abuse not only affects childs emotionally development, it also weakens childs social and intellectually development. Additionally, such abuse exists with adults continual hostility, ignoring, blaming, threats, discrimination or blatant rejection of the child (MCYS, 2005).Moreoer, based on research, both sources agreed that other types of abuse are also present if emotional abuse is being identified.NeglectIn relation to Chan, Chow Elliot (2000), neglect was redefined as either omission or commission of any act that impairs the childs physical, psychological, intellectual or social development.As menti aced above, neglect can be categorised into 4 different segments. First, physical neglect whitethorn be the inability of providing food and shelter as well as the lack of supervision (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006). Second, a dult may failed in the provision of essential medical care or mental health treatment which is known as medical neglect (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006). Next, adults may commit to education neglect if they are not capable of giving child an education as well as the lack of attention to special education makes (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006). Last but not least, if adults do not attend to childs emotional needs, failure to give child adequate love and care and allowing child to pick up easy access to alcohol and drugs, adults are at high risk of exposure in executing emotional neglect (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006).However, it is important for supercharge probes to be done if any of the neglect is present. There might be other contributing factors such as poverty or different culture practices that might surface parents are being negligent.Why is Child Abuse a topic of interestAs an advocator, it is important to know that children are safe, being respected and are treated appropriately. With the raising numbers of cases of child abuse in Singapore, it shows that any children may be at risk of being a victim.According to the statistics on child abuse investigations from Year 2009 to Year 2010 (MCYS, 2011), apart(predicate) from physical neglect, the rest of the types of abuse cases had increased. The numbers shown were the cases with evidence of cases. For congressman, the number of physical abuse cases had a jump from 82 to 133, which is astir(predicate) 38%. As for sexual abuse, it raised from 28 to 46 numbers of cases, which is equivalent to 39%. Emotional abuse cases had increased by 2, summing up to 6 cases in Year 2010. Although in that location was a drop of 4 cases for physical neglect, it may show that people may be more(prenominal) aware of such wrong behaviours. However, these numbers verbalise above only showed the reported cases with evidence. What about the other cases that had been reported but inadequat e evidence were gathered?In addition, children from the United States (U.S) were victims of abuse and neglect as well. Statistics for Year 2006 shows that 54% are victims of child maltreatment of ripen up to 7 years. To add on, statistics reported an estimated number of 1,530 children died due to abuse or neglect. emerge of 1,530 children, 78% were children under the age of 4 (Shaw Goode, 2006). This shows that children of the preschool years are very vulnerable to abuse.Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services (2001) mentioned that childishness abuse may lead to adult work through of shame, repeated flashbacks and nightmares may be traumatic for the victim. In addition, it may cause victim to be severely anxious over matters, depression as well as developing feelings of humiliation and unworthiness.Therefore, it is also important to educate parents about the raising numbers of child abuse cases. In addition, to create awareness that no one should deprive a ch ild to have a healthy childhood experience.Hence, in this present paper, it will further elaborate on who may be the victims of child abuse and its impact on children, how child abuse affected parents and what happened to survivors of child abuse as they assume up.Victims of child abuse and its impactAccording Chan, Chow Elliot (2000), evidence from research stated that adolescents are also at high risk on physical maltreatment. On top of that, more habitually reported cases of physical child abuse cases involve the adolescents as well.Therefore, what makes a certain child be at a higher risk of child abuse? Statistics consistently showed that families that are socially and economically disadvantaged have more reports on physical abuse. found on the research, families that falls under the low income family or annual income are below poverty level, it is more likely for the child to receive more portentous or serious injuries (Chan, Chow Elliot, 2000).organism financially unsta ble may cause a child to be a victim of child abuse, moreover this is not the main reason to place such child at risk. Pre-matured infants, intellectually disabled and any child who are developmentally disabled can be vulnerable to being abused too (Chan, Chow Elliot, 2000). The reasons behind it are such child is viewed as a source of stress and inwardness to the family and family might find it difficult to handle.For instance, a child was being physically abused, how did the experience affects the child negatively? In accordance to Chan, Chow Elliot (2000), it may cause impairment in childs behaviours, varied severity of physical injuries on child, child faces difficulties at school and child may have poor interpersonal skills.However, one of the limitations of this study is that research was carried out long ago and results are still limited and scarce in Singapore. Next, this study did not exactly mention the little source where they gathered the statistics or how did they go about gathering and compiling the results. Lastly, this study focuses on two age groups which are the infants and toddlers and the adolescents. What about children from the older age group? How high is the risk for older children pertaining to child abuse?Impact on parentsThe term impact on parents refers to parents who were once victims of abuse or parents who had child who was being abused. Hence, how did once victimize parents got over the bad experience and started a new family? In addition, how did parents feel when their child was being abused by others?Being a parent, survivor of child abuse, and yet having a child who was assaulted, it may be very distressing especially for parents who disclose their childhood abuse experience for the first time (Grant, 2006). Furthermore, these parents may start to develop a sense of guilt as they were not incapable to protect their child despite experiencing it. Parents may also have flashbacks of those painful memories after disclosin g the abuse (Grant, 2006).In addition, Grant (2006) mentioned that parents who had child being abused may begin to face many challenges. Having a child being abused, it may be hard for certain parents to accept the fact. Certain parents may be too overwhelmed and can be emotionally unstable. Parents may be in the state of confusion which in turn may impede their ability to support and provide help for their child and family throughout the investigation process (Grant, 2006).Taking for example if parents en combine their child with a caretaker and it turn out to be the caretaker who is the perpetrator, parents may be devastated and hard to believe. In addition, parents may be in great shock and developed a sense of betrayal. Therefore, after encountering such incident, how easy or possible can the parent cooperate and trust other unknown professionals? (Grant, 2006) Additionally, parents may also put the blame on themselves for allowing their child to be abused. For instance, they ma y question themselves, Why had not I (parents) jut this situation?, Why did not I protect my child? or What type of a parent am I? (Grant, 2006)Upon accepting reality, it can be really hard on parents to handle the upcoming problems faced at home if they have more than one child. Parents may understand that they had to spend more time with the victim, trying to help the child to get over the bad encounter. On the other hand, parents have to ensure that they are capable to maintain a healthy relationship with other children at home. If the situation is not handled appropriately, other children may start to develop a sense of jealousy and resentment towards the victimised sibling as well as the parent (Grant, 2006).However, one of the limitations in this study is that there was not any statistics given. Next, this study did not mention the age of the parents. Older parents may be able to handle the situation better than younger parents. Lastly, this study did not give detailed inform ation on the parents family orbit and the relationship within the family. With a supportive family, parents as well as child may be able to recover faster from the bad encounter.Survivors of child abuse when they grow upAs researched by Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services (2001), some abused children may experience lifelong emotional harm as they grow up. For instance, some abused children may experience serious mental health problems. Research estimated that abused children are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop a serious mental illness. In addition, up to 70% of women who were treated in psychiatric setting have histories of childhood abuse (Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services, 2001).On top of that, some may suffer lifelong physical harm due to childhood abuse. Ranging from 3% to 6%, research shows that abused children may develop a permanent disability (Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services, 2001). Brain damage is an example of permanent disability and 20% to 50% of abused children suffered from brain damage but of different severity. It is further hypothesized that abused children are of higher risk of acquiring heart disease, cancer or even other chronic medical conditions (Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services, 2001). However, there is not concrete evidence to nurture this hypothesis.Another negative impact on abused children is that they cause self inflict harm. Some abused children may get into a depression and others may choose to attempt suicides (Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services, 2001). Some abused children may even abuse the use of drugs, alcohol or nicotine in do to minimise or hide their pain. It was also reported by Maine State Dept. of Behavioral and Developmental Services (2001) that sexually abused children may be more exposed to further sexual abuse or to contract sexually-transmitted disease (STD).However, one limitation of this study is that the statistics are not up to date. Therefore, results given in this study may not be accurate enough. Findings may vary if research is done based on recent years.Apart from the depressing impacts that happened on survivors of childhood abuse, some survivors chose to seek help from professionals such as social workers, counsellors or therapists.This research was done by questionnaires and interviews were conducted based on respondents willingness. Out of d questionnaires mailed out, there were 384 completed questionnaires. Fifty interviews were also conducted to further supplement the data.Out of the 15 themes that were emerges based on how helpful the services were, seven common themes were mentioned in the study. Respondents felt that professional helpers were patient and they listened. In addition, professional helpers seem to be empathetic (Palmer, Brown, Rae-Grant Loughlin, 2001). Next, respondents felt that professional helpers were able to help them deal w ith their raging feelings and they no longer have to avoid those feelings. To add on, having nonjudgmental and understanding professional helpers benefitted survivors as they were encouraging too. Next, survivors felt empowered as the professional helpers believed in them. Professional helpers were also able to provide connections for the survivors with other survivors, letting them know that they are not alone. On top of that, professional helpers helped survivors to build their self-esteem and develop a value of self worth. Lastly, professional helpers were able to validate survivors experience giving survivors assurance (Palmer, Brown, Rae-Grant Loughlin, 2001).However, one of the limitations of the study is to generalise survivors experience across different types of abuse. In addition, the study only produced one side of the data. Findings may be different if these components are further addressed.ConclusionTo conclude, it is important to create the awareness to parents about the raising numbers of child abuse cases in Singapore. By doing so, parents may be more aware of their own actions and not commit to any form of abuse be it accidentally or intentionally. In addition, parents are encouraged to develop an early, secure and consistent relationship with the children (Shaw Goode, 2008). On top of that, according to Shaw Goode (2008), parents need to provide the same level of attention to childs emotional and social needs, not only their cognitive skills.For future research, it would be good to research more on how one can further help victims and survivors who are really resistant to get over the bad experience. In addition, another research can be done to help children to work on their social and emotional skills after the bad encounter.

Nigerian Breweries Marketing Analysis

Nigerian Breweries commercialiseing digestEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report is set to discuss about the trade report of Nigerian Breweries Plc. It covers their history, the PEST summary, their st evaluategies and tactics. A good marketing report is needed in an organisation to know the status of the organisation and to know where they are failing and succeeding so that they passel correct or maintain the situation. This paper would fully explain the marketing report of Nigerian Breweries with a brusque recommendation.INTRODUCTIONKotler (2002) defined Marketing as the affable process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and loss through creating and exchanging harvests and value with opposites.Marketing is essentially about marshalling the resources of an organization so that they met the changing needs of the customer on whom the organization depends. (Palmer, 2003)Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distr ibution of ideas, goods and services to name exchanges that customer and organizational objectives. (Drucker, 2005) The concept of marketing as a business philosophy defines marketing as a process that is intended to get wind, satisfy and moderate customers while business makes a profit. But central to all these definitions is the position of the customer and his relationship to the growth.A market question is imperative for a companionship to know what type of products or services would be profitable to introduce in the market. Also with respect to its existing products in the market, good market research enables a follow to know if it has been able to satisfy customer needs and whether any changes need to be made in the packaging, delivery or the product itself. (Anonymous, 2009)HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDNigerian Breweries Plc (NBPLC) is the countrys pioneer brewery. Incorporated in 1946, it commenced production in 1949. It started as a joint venture between the United Africa n Company (WAC) International, UK and Heineken of Holland. Thus, at inception, it was 100 per cent foreign owned. By the early 1950s, when it began operating fully, some indigenous traders already involved with its products were invited to become shareholders. Under the indigenization policy of the early 1970s the foreign shareholders were forced to sell a significant proportion of their holdings. Today, the company is 60 per cent Nigerian owned and 40 per cent foreign owned. The 60 per cent Nigerian stake is held by company employees and members of the public, while the 40 per cent foreign ownership is split almost evenly between CWA Holdings Limited (for Unilever) and Heineken Brouwerijen BV.Its first bottle of beer, STAR Lager, rolled off the bottling lines of its Lagos Brewery in June 1949. Other breweries were subsequently commissioned by the company, including Aba Brewery in 1957, Kaduna Brewery in 1963, and Ibadan Brewery in 1982. In September 1993, the company acquired its fifth brewery in Enugu state, and in October 2003, its sixth brewery, sited at Ama in Enugu. Ama Brewery is the largest brewery in Nigeria and one of the most modern worldwide. Operations at Enugu brewery were discontinued in 2004, leaving the company with five operational breweries.The company has a portfolio of high-quality carrys, including sentiency Lager Beer (launched in 1949) Gulder Lager Beer (1970) Maltina (1976), which now has three varieties, to wit Maltina Classic, Maltina Strawberry, and Maltina with Pineapple Maltina Sip-it (2005), which was packaged in Tetrapaks Legend Extra Stout (1992) and Amstel Malta (1994). The company in like manner re-launched Heineken Lager into the Nigerian market in June 1998.Nigerian Breweries is the most capitalized quoted company on the Nigerian Stock replace (NSE), it is also the first company in any sector to declare N12 billion in PBT and the first company in Nigerian history to declare dividend of N8 billion (Vanguard, 2003).Nig erian Breweries operates many related companies, including beverage-related manufacturing companies making corks, labels, bottles, packing crates and a logistics network, including transport companies, warehousing companies and retail gross gross gross sales managementTHE MARKET ENVIRONMENTMarket Environment is the various external forces that can directly or indirectly affect the many activities of an organization. This is an integral pop of environmental scanning. These activities include acquisition of human resources, raw materials, financial resources, and development of goods and services. The marketing environment includes forces such as political, legal, regulatory, economic, genial, technological, and competitive.Nigerian Breweries Plc functions in two distinguishable market enviroment namely the Macro and Micro which affects it externally and internally. (Kotler, 2004), the PEST analyses and the Porters Five Forces model of Nigerian Breweries would be discussed in t his report.PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, amicable, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used.(P)OLITICAL ANALYSISPolitical analysis involves elections, employment law, consumer protection, environmental regulations, pains-specific regulations, competitive regulations, inter-country relationships/attitudes, war, terrorism, political trends in the country where the company is based.The political situation in Nigeria has experienced a stable balance since the commencement of the democratic governance and this has impacted on Nigerian breweries plc in distinguishable ways.Politically, Nigerian breweries was bear upon positively when the ban on importation of barley was lifted as well as placing a 20% tariff on both products by the national government on January 6 1998, this increased its plectrons of raw materials for production as the company had been forced to make use of local corn and sorghum for brew in the past.S ales in Nigerian Breweries stand been on the rise as opposed to the style in European and new(prenominal) developing markets distinguishly because despite the individual state governments efforts by creating laws to regulate the sales and distribution of alcoholic products it has not put in-place fitting run mechanism to checkmate and control the phenomenon of alcoholic consumption, this is due to the laxity in enforcement of laws in Nigeria and the high level of corruption in government (Daily Trust, 11 September 2008).(E)CONOMICAL ANALYSISEconomical Analysis involves the exchange rates and stability of the host country, skill level of work force, labour live, and Economic level of growth, unemployment rate, inflation rate and interest rate.Nigeria is a festering economy therefore it is less affected by the recent global economic financial crisis and this has a positive impact on the sales of Nigerian breweries products as people take over disposable income and can spend m ore on potableing of beer products, this therefore is a positive development for the company (Malandrakis, 2009).Also, the unemployment rate in Nigeria is really high and it makes a lot of people idle and they spend most of their time at bars which helps increase the sales of beers.The Exchange rate in Nigeria is low comparing to the US dollar and it can affect the business when the raw materials are being imported as it cost a lot of money.Another economical issue which is affecting Nigerian Breweries negatively is based under the labour cost which is the lack of constant electricity supply in Nigeria this has forced the company to make use of alternative means of force play supply such as generators were the company spends a huge budget on diesel which has a constant increasing price.(S)OCIAL ANALYSISSocial Analysis involves the Demographics, Class Structure, Gender, and Age, Attitude (health and environmental consciousness)The production of recreational centres in major citi es which have all been changed to drinking joints locally cognise as Joints (Daily Trust, 11 September 2008) has changed drinking of beer into a social activity. It has observed that people privilege drinking out with friends as drinking of beer has become similar with celebrations such as weddings, parties, clubs and other social gatherings, among youths drinking is done in order to belong. This social drinking habit is clearly evident as it supports on trade sales which dominates the Nigerian market with a market share of 80% sales (Malandrakis, 2009).In northern Nigeria, states like Zamfara, Kano, Kaduna and Sokoto ban beer drinking because of their Sharia Law. A law is passed around that people who drink any form of alcohol or commit adultery, theft would be severely punished (The Guardian, 2002) and this affects the sales of beer in that region.Nigerian breweries is also involved in social responsibility by sponsoring events such as star quest which is aimed at discovering ne w musical acts (Nigerian Tribune, 8th June 2009) amongst other social events and creative writing workshop, a program created to groom the youth writer (Vanguard, 15 July 2009).(T)ECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSISThis involves inventions, new discoveries, research, energy uses/sources/fuels, communications, and rates of obsolescence, health manufacturing advances, information technology, internet, and transportation.Technology has not been a major aspect in Nigerian Breweries Plc but they have invested in the equipments used for beer production to make it have its original taste. They also invest in generators for electricity because of the electricity issues in Nigeria.The Social factors have the strongest effect on the market power of Nigerian Breweries Plc as drinking is a lifestyle which has evolved over the years.The Porters five forces apply new entrants, buyer power, Supplier power, Substitute and Rivalry for analysis.POTENTIAL ENTRANTSPotential Entrants are other organisations interest ed in entering the fabrication.Potential entrants trying to come into the brewery exertion in Nigeria find it very difficult because of a lot of largely the Government policies, the cost of exit and entrance and this puts Nigerian breweries at a comfortable rig as market leaders and take offs the company with nothing to worry about as regards new companies that may spring up. Other reasons why new companies find it difficult to come into the industry is because the switching cost is really high so any new company cannot just switch or leave the industry, strike off loyalty is really high because the public is used to the products of Nigeria Breweries.SUBSTITUTESFrom Porters Model, substitution products refer to products in other industries. To the economist, a threat of substitutes occurs when a products demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product.Finding a substitute for beer in Nigeria is practically impossible because drinking beer in Nigeria has become part of social activity and also with the affordable price for the average and low earners (a bottle of star larger beer costs N140 which is less than a pound and is cheaper compared to wines, brandys and other bottled alcoholic drink) it has the price has a competitive advantage over the type drink like wine and brandy. The only major competitor within the industry that Nigerian breweries has in beer products is Guinness Nigeria Plc and both companies have between them 77% market share (WW8) therefore it would only take a special brand to substitute either of these brands.BUYER POWERBuyer power can be explained as the impact that customers have on a producing industry. This occurs when there are many suppliers and one buyer. In Nigeria Breweries, the buyer power is very little as they are the major supplier in the industry and the customers have little option but to get products from Nigeria Breweries. Buyer power can also explained by switching cost which is expensive due to the high prices of substitutes like wines and brandy. Also, Nigerian Breweries have grown so well that consumers have very strong brand loyalty on their products such as Gulder, Star.SUPPLIER POWERThis can just now be explained as when there are many buyers and just one or little supplier.Nigerian breweries has a very high supplier power because the use of local corn and sorghum for manufacturing of beer has a high market value because of the limited availability of barley and other substitutes for brewing of beer, the farmers and suppliers of this raw materials have the power to raise their prices as they wish, leaving Nigerian Breweries at their mercy.RIVALRYThe Nigerian beer industry has only 2 major companies in the industry which are Nigerian breweries and Guinness Nigeria Plc and this gives Nigerian Breweries less competition but high rivalry because there is low switching cost since the cost of a beer from Guinness Nigeria is almost the akin price. Rivalry could also low becaus e there are only two companies in the industry so it has enough market for both of them and it can caravan its strategies against only one major competitor (Oyeyinka, 2002).THE COMPETITION OF NIGERIAN BREWERIESThe major competitor for Nigeria Breweries is Guinness limited Nigeria, it manufactures beer in the brand mane of dwell in Nigeria. Harp Lager Brewery is hardened in Ikeja, Nigeria. This Nigerian brewery belonging to Tony Joyce started production in 1981. The annual production of beer is about 1,500,000 hl.The other beer production units of Guinness Nigeria Limited are located in Agbara, Benin, Aba in Imo. The other little breweries include Benue breweries, Olympic breweries, Sona Breweries and Consolidated Breweries. In general, competition for Nigerian Breweries is minimal as its only major competitor is Guinness Nigeria limited.Nigerian Breweries has the edge over these competitors majorly because of its brand loyalty and because of the fact that it has being producing b eer for over 60 years. It also has a lot of branches all over Nigeria so as to reach the customers demands.MARKETING STRATEGYA marketing dodge is a process or model to allow a company or organisation to focus limited resources on the best opportunities to increase sales and thereby earn a sustainable competitive advantage. (Ulrich et al, 2002)Nigerian Breweries Plc uses Marketing strategy to maintain competitive advantage. It uses the market segmentation, targeting and positioning as a means of carving out its own share of the market and catering for their needs.SEGMENTATIONMarket Segmentation can be defined as dividing a market into distinct groups with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour that might require separate products or marketing mix. (Anonymous, 2002)Segmentation refers to individuals and organisations with similar characteristics having significant implications for the de experimental conditionination of market strategy (Jobber, 2007),Segmentation can be broken down into Geographical segmentation, Demographic segmentation, Psychographic segmentation, Lifestyle, social signifier, and personality-based segmentation Behavioural segmentation.Nigerian breweries Plc segmentation is in relation to its consumers which serves all classes and ages of legal drinkers. In Nigeria, drinking beer is seen as a social event of solemnisation and because of its affordable price, it can be seen amongst the high, middle and lower class earners. The advertisement way of life which the company has built up over the years to supplicant to all age groups and societal status types has also helped boost their market sales. Nigerian Breweries have advertised their major beer product (Star) as a drink that delivers superior enjoyment and brightens all social occasions this is so because the drink is seen as a key to happiness and celebration by its consumers.In general, Nigerian Breweries focuses on all the segment of market and has produced different types of prod ucts which covers all the segment of market in NigeriaTARGETINGMarket Targeting can be defined as the pick of a particular market segment toward which all marketing effort is directed. Market targeting enables the characteristics of the chosen segment to be taken into account when formulating a product or service and its advertising. (Keegan, 2001)Nigerian breweries have targeted their beers towards different market segments using a differentiated targeting strategy and they have two major beer products that target different classes and age groups. The Star beer product targets the youth, this is evident from most of its advertisements and sponsorship programs which is usually directed toward the younger generation while the Gulder beer product targets the older and higher financial class of people, this is also evident in its own type of advertising methods and sponsorships.POSITIONINGIt could also be defined as the place the product occupies in consumers minds congeneric to comp eting products. (Anonymous, 2002)Market positioning depends much on how competitors position themselves, a producer can be said to be successful if he can achieve the mental position which he/she is trying to make in the mind of the consumer.Nigerian breweries Plc have two major beer brands, Star and Gulder which respectively for the younger celebrating generation and for the more sophisticated and older generation of drinkers., This brandings falls in line with the customers perceptions of the two products as more of the younger generation identify with the Star brand which is not as bitter in taste as the Gulder brand which is more expensive in price than the Star brand.THE MARKETING MIXThe term marketing mix refers to the primary elements that must be attended to in order to properly market a product or service. Also known as the 4 Ps of marketing which are Price, Promotion, Product and Place.PRICEThe price you set for your product or service plays a large role in its marketabili ty. Pricing for products or services that are more commonly available in the market is more elastic, meaning that unit sales go forth go up or down more responsively in resolution to price changes. (Jones, 2007)Price can be stated as the actual or rated value of a valuable product which is up for exchange some define it as amount of money paid for product (Kotler et al, 2005)The price of the products (Star beer) produced by Nigerian Breweries is affordable for all the consumers in the market because it is produced from local corn and sorghum which is cheap so they make their profit and satisfy the customers which are mostly the youth and since most of their sales are mostly made from youth, the price would always remain affordable so as not to lose customers and turn out sales.PRODUCTKotler et al, 2005 defined Product as anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or needNigerian Breweries has two main beer pro ducts and they can be described as the core products of the organisation i.e. they serve their actual purpose for which it is bought by the customer which is for the quenching of thirst. However Gulder brand can be described as a luxury product meant for the sophisticated individual, these products are classified as consumer product because they are bought by the consumer to actually consume and not for other purposes. Nigerian Breweries has more than enough products for every type of consumers. They produce bottled water for thirst, Star beer for the youth, Maltina for the consumers that do not take alcohol.PLACEThis term really refers to any way that the customer can obtain a product or achieve a service. (Jones, 2007)Nigerian Breweries Plc has a wide distribution channel and makes use of external companies for distribution of its products nationwide Nigerian Breweries use other transportation companies to process distribute their goods nationwide. This system of distribution he lps make the product more available to the consumers but this however limits the direct contact between producer and consumers which reduces feed-back time for the producers.publicityPromotion is concerned with any vehicle you employ for getting people to know more about your product or service. Advertising, public relations, point-of-sale displays, and word-of-mouth promotion are all traditional ways for promoting a product. Promotion can be seen as a way of closing the information chess opening between would-be sellers and would-be buyers. (Jones, 2007)Nigerian Breweries Plc carry out sales promotion in two ways namely Consumer sales promotion targeted at the final consumer market and trade sales promotion targeted at the members of the marketing channel, such as wholesalers and retailers, benefits of sales promotions include increased profit making. Examples of Nigerian Breweries sales promotion are Star Xmas Carnival which was targeted at the companys retailers and consumers were prizes like bags of rice, DVD Players and other items were won by consumers each day for 21 days (Ekeh, 2009), Gulder ultimate search were the winner took home 3 million naira cash prize (Ajayi, 2004).EVALUATION OF STRATEGY AND TACTICSNigerian Breweries has been one of the major companies in the brewery industry for more than 60 years so it is fair to say that their strategy and tactics over the years have been close to spot on.In response to competition, Nigerian Breweries has been involved in several re-branding, product development and diversification efforts in the last 5 years. In 2006, the company launched its Guilder Max brand which was a darker, richer version of the successful Guilder Lager. In an attempt to enter the soft drink market, NB launched the Farouz brand of soft drinks (pineapple and pear flavour). Recently, they repackaged the Maltina brand by introducing a larger sized bottle while maintaining the price of the former bottle. The Star brand which is the fla gship product of the company was also rebranded and has achieved huge success since then. testimony FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTNigerian Breweries is already a major force in Nigeria but it is still not internationally recognised like other International companies in the industry so the major recommendation for Nigerian Breweries would to expand their products internationally or at least expand it within Africa. They could also build new refineries in different places in Africa to help expand their organisation. Since the distribution of their goods is done by other companies, they could venture into that business so they could proper feedback from their customers and be able to satisfy them more effectively.They could also venture into production of new brands of products so as to broaden their market. Investing in technology can also help with the growth of their organisation. Building vending machines can also help with the effective distribution of their product.CONCLUSIONNigerian Bre weries is and would remain one of the major brewery companies in Nigeria and this marketing report that shows their strategies and tactics have tried to explain the reasons why they are such a major force in the brewery industry in Nigeria. It is obvious that there is room for improvement by them expanding their market and business into new countries but the important thing is that they are succeeding in their primary goal which is being able to satisfy their customers in their home land.REFRENCESAmos Etta, 16 october 2004, Gulder After the search, what next? Vamguard News paper.Bennett Linda A., Ph.D, Carlos Campillo, M.D, C.R. Chandrashekar, M.D and Oye Gureje, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., FRANCZP, 1998, Alcoholic Beverage Consumption in India,Mexico, and Nigeria, A Cross-Cultural Comparison.Ekeh Desmond, 3 January 2009 2008 blot review Consumer promotion as key driver, The Guardian NewspaperKotler Philip et Al, 2002, Principles of marketing. Fourth European edition 4th European edition.Esse ntial Guide to Marketing Planning / Marian Burk Wood.Jobber David, 2007, Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edition Maidenhead McGraw-hill Education.Jones, Scholes 2007, Exploring corporate strategy text cases. 8th edition.Malandrakis Spiros, 2009, Nigeria Spearheads positive Outlook for Beer Sales in sub-Saharan Africa, Euro MonitorMoschis P George, 1993, Life Stage Segmentation for Marketing Strategy DevelopmentNigerian Tribune, 8th June 2009Obike Uche, 2005, Nigeria Breweries Continues to set off Market Share This Day NewspapersOldroyd Mike, 2004, CIM Revision Cards, Marketing Environment Butterworth Heinemann.Oyeyinka O, Banji, 2002, Manufacturing Response in a national system in Nigeria, The United Nations University.Ulrich R, Mc Donald, Shellhamer, Lopetcharat, 2002, Promoting Brand Benefits The role of consumer Psychographic and lifestyle. Journal of consumer marketing.Vanguard, 5 June 2003, Nigeria Breweries Consolidates Corporate Leadership Africa NewWang Weiyue, 2009, Managing Customers and Markets Salford Business School.http//www.nbplc.com/homepage.php (ww1)http//www.heinekeninternational.com/nigerian02.aspx (ww2)http//web.ebscohost.com/ (ww3)http//allafrica.com/stories/200809110416.html (ww4)http//www.ias.org.uk/resources/publications/theglobe/globe200202/gl200202_p6.html (ww5)http//www.fas.usda.gov/grain/circular/1998/98-02/dtricks.htm (ww6)http//research.afrinvestwa.com8080/GetDownload.aspx?dwlID=74 (ww7)http//www.euromonitor.com/Alcoholic_Drinks_in_Nigeria (ww8)

The public policy

The public insurance insuranceThe achievement of public administrators is intertwined with both their skills and their applied approaches to variable issues. While the capability of addressing problems and concerns ar among the determinants of an effective public administrator, the success of his/her endeavors rely on several factors some of which includes the philosophy in elitism, the tactical and strategic reconcile of the bureaucratic processes, the influence of interest groups and a combination of any of the said approaches.Among the approaches that can be applied in public policy is the elitist viewpoint. Elitism is defined as a selective group of individuals which possess unique and distinct personal abilities, intelligence, affluence and influence. Individuals characterized as elitist ar perceived to possess particular ideas on issues that hold the most significance ideal. In a public administrators work, the elitist perspective may provide limitations to his/her circ le of interests primarily because the elite are among the minorities in a republican society.Since the introduction of the concept, elitism has been iinterrelated with the concept of democratic concepts.Aristotles view of the democratic concept as a thought that divided political systems into three forms the receive by one, rule by a few and rule by the many, were dismissed by primary elitist theorists Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels. The theorists also criticized Karl Marx emphasis on the class struggle and the eventual success of the working class will lead to a classless society, arguing that no such society will exist and the struggle will neer end.The classical elitist theory possesses several weaknesses. The said theory did not merely argued that the socially recognizable people in a country made its outstanding decisions, it also asserts that the common man regardless of their number does not provide such decisions.While the societys elite is generally perceived as a s teadfast and constant entity, the individuals in office changes thus reflecting the necessity to view the elites as an encompassing term that includes the individuals with the influence over the government and individuals which are in the locating to govern.Another approach in public policy is based on the institutional theory. The said theory focuses on the government structure, in particular its chunk and legal aspects curiously its structural arrangements, policies on decision making and its legal powers and authority. The institutional theory emphasizes the significance and role of structures and rules in the policy process including the aim of influence of policy makers within the process.Public policy can be influenced by a number of institutions. Among these institutions are the national, state and local government, corporations and interest groups. The markets are also an influential entity in public policy as well as foreign political regimes.Institutional approach in p ublic policy provides more complex circumstances because of the formal government structure and the procedural rules and process are used as a means to hinder or empower political interests.Among the cases in which the institutional theory can be applied is the legislation of the Farm Bill of 2002 which indicates the power play within the Senate. The formation mandates that each state shall have two senators therefore granting a larger voting power for less populous states than the more populous states of New York and California.The threesome approach in public policy is the Group theory. The theory views the public policy as a result of a continuing struggle among interest groups. Supporters of this theory are often referred to as pluralists. Such individuals believe that interest groups possess a share of power within the country, emphasizing that the power particularly in policy making is pluralistic rather than being controlled by the elites.A practical example of the Group th eory is the case of labor unions against the interests of the backstage sector. Labor unions organizes lobbying campaigns to executive and legislative officials and calls on the general public through formulating and applying advocacy campaign plans. Such efforts is undertaken as a means to ensure the relief of the policy making process.However, there are several existing arguments against the Group theory. The theory has been criticized for undermining the leadership capacity of the public officials and exaggerating the role of interest groups in policy making. Interest groups have often been used by public officials to promote and publicize their own interests while attracting support for policy initiatives.Another approach is the plurality or Rational Choice Theory which is often referred to as the Public Chose and Formal Theory. The said theory has been applied to questions regarding public policy. A working presumption of the Rational theory is that individuals are rational actors which possess tendencies to maximize their self-interests. Using this theory, analysts study the values of individual, perceptions on a specific issue, information related to the case, as well as expectations on other individuals.Applied in the public policy process, the individuals include the voters, the lobbyists, legislators and government officials. Using the theory, individuals can critically assess and put motivations of public officials, their interests i.e. re-elections and other personal interests which often translates to their attitude towards public policy.Similar to the previous theories, the Rational Choice Theory contains its set of weaknesses. Critics have argued that in reality, individuals are not single minded creatures which pursue only their self-interests. The theory is also said to provide minimal emphasis on the individuals willingness to engage in corporate pursuits i.e. participating in public interest groups or community organizations.

Ray Charles Essay -- Biography Biographies Pianist Singers Essays

irradiation CharlesRay Charles was a revolutionary pianist and a soul singer who helped shape the sound of rhythm and blues. He brought a soulful sound to everything from country music to pop standards to God Bless America. His nativity name was Ray Charles Robinson, besides he shortened it when he entered show business to avoid confusion with the famous boxer Sugar Ray Robinson. I chose Ray Charles as the topic for my paper after seeing the movie Ray. After viewing this film I realized that there was a nap of interesting information about Ray Charles that I had never heard about. Therefore, the focus of my paper is to learn who Ray Charles really was and to discuss his life and achievements. The archeozoic YearsRay Charles was born in Albany, Georgia. Around the age of five, Charles began to go blind and by age seven he was totally blind. I was take aback when I learned this information because I had always thought that Ray Charles was blind from birth. Although many are non certain to the exact reasons as to wherefore Charles went blind, it was believed to be the result of glaucoma. Just before his eyes began to fail him, he had seen his younger brother, George, drown in a washtub. This part of his life was well visualized in the movie Ray. Ray states, We were out in the backyard one day while my mom was in the house ironing some uniform. We were playing by a huge metal washtub full of water. And we were having gun the way boys do, pushing and jostling each other around. Now, I never did know just how it happened, but my brother somehow tilted over the rim of this tub and fell down, slid down into the water and slipped under. At first I thought he was heretofore playing, but it finally dawned on me that he wasnt moving. He wasnt reacting. I tried to pull him out of the water, but by that time his clothes had gotten soaked through with water and he was just alike heavy for me. So I ran in and got my mom, and she raced out back and snatched him out of the tub. She shook him, and surd into his mouth, and pumped his little stomach, but it was too late. (Internet source, 1) Witnessing his brother drown to a fault had a serious effect on him in his later years. Young Ray Charles attended school at the St. Augustine School for the deaf and blind in St. Augustine, Florida as a charity case. While there he learned how to lead Braille and to write music and play various instru... ...thed. This theme is also apparent in all of the discussion that we had in class referring to the birth of African slave songs, the blues, jazz, and even spirituals. It seems that black people had to go through a struggle in order to produce great music. Black people also had to overcome their situations and I think Ray has proven to be a prime example. Despite of his handicap he did not let this bring him too far down. Ray Charles, eventually overcame sex, drugs and rock n roll to live a long and prosperous life in the limelight, there are hundreds, if not thousands of nameless artists who die of an overdose (even in this story, one of Rays lovers ODs), waste away with a sexually transmitted disease, or simply wash out, unremembered and unfulfilled. Ray Charles may maintain passed away but his life and legacy along with his numerous musical hits will forever remain in our hearts. BibliographyBreznican, Anthony. Internet Source. November 5, 2004.http//www.suntimes.com/output/movies/wkp-news-Ray05.html.Ray Charles forever.com (I was not sure how to site this Because there was no author or title to the page however, The address is given) http//raycharlesforever.com.

Teenagers in Depression :: essays research papers

It has come to my attention, that there are quite a few, or adopt I say m any(prenominal) people who guide problems with themselves and are in a state of depression. There are many stories that I hold in transform and also dealt with myself about the different causes of this extreme low self esteem. Why does it seem like no one understands us? Why do we have to feel this way? The solution is to simply end everything because then there will be no suffering. No no, thats no answer to any problem. We as teenagers have to show our strength to fight this confusing and demanding period of our lives. I will elaborate on just one or both of the many reasons depression strikes once again. A big factor that many are quite familiar with is self injury. May it be burning, cutting, or other harmful actions to oneself, it is certainly not healthy. What exactly is the reason for inflicting injury upon ourselves? Do we even know? Personally, my cutting started all because of something pretty dumb if you ask me. I hurt the best person to me in the world and I messed everything up that I had with them. He told me time and time again how horribly I broke his heart and each time it felt like a knife was being stabbed through my heart deeper and deeper. I couldnt take it anymore I went mad. I picked up a knife one day and sliced my arm. What on earth was happening? Well, it seems that I took all the hurt that I have caused him and put it physically on me. If he had to hurt so much, well then I should suffer just as much. Its been over a year now since I have started it and well, as many know it becomes quite addictiveyou cant seem to stop. The last time that I have cut myself was about 2 weeks ago, and Im proud staying away from the blade that long. I know that if I try really dense I can overcome the temptation of simply hurting myself to take away the stress and tension built up intimate. Instead I go for a run or crank my music up really loud and let out all the negat ive energy that is slowly manifesting inside my body. No matter what the reason is though for hurting yourself, the point that I want to make across is that its not worth it.

how do you view religion? Essay -- essays research papers

How do you view yourself? How do others view you? Do you really care? The answers to all these questions are shaped by the cultivation you were raised in. for the most spark, scientists agree that culture plays a very important role in how a person develops. A woman raised in India might grow up to be a traditional woman who marries young, works part time, and who devotes the majority of her life to her family. The same person, if raised in a more Western-thinking country, might attend college, pursue a career, and not get married until after shes thirty. All cultures have certain things in common, nevertheless still have differences that make them very distinct. There are quaternary main criteria anthropologists use when examining cultures. I hope to show these criteria, explain them in a way that is easy to make sense of, and also show how cultures can evolve.Culture shows up in the social norms, customs, symbols, humor, expectations, beliefs and communications practices. Cult ure plays a commodious role in shaping a persons personality. As humans we are born with little or no specific instincts. A persons culture will shape those instincts and train the person on how to survive traditionally. One of the most astonishing things about vulture is the incident that it can be changed in one generation but thence keep those changes intact through m any(prenominal) hundreds of generation after that. In the virtuousness Students Encyclopedia (page 375), culture is defined as the patterns of behavior acquired by man though social learning. Nearly all recent studies preformed to detect out how culture affects people seem to infer that culture is a learned trait, rather than one passed down through genes (sometimes called genetic memory) as some anthropologists previously thought. What different types of cultures are there? There are regional cultures, religions cultures, and many others that are considered sub-cultures.Culture can be broken into four main comp onents. Orientation to time whether focus is on the past, present, or future. Orientation to people orientation to the environment whether its here to serve us, or were here to serve it. Values and Philosophies whats most important in life, what your values are, whether religion is important or not.Christianity is one o... ... decides their values.In Islam, according to the Quran, any interaction between men and women who are not related or married is forbidden, although many families chose not to observe this law.In this paper, I mostly use the Christian religion to explain the four criteria for examining cultures, and to explain cultural evolution because, for me, it was the easiest thing to relate those topics to. However, Christianity was just used as an example. The criteria of cultures apply to every part and culture in the world. By understanding how cultures are examined and classified, you increase understanding them, and with increased understanding comes increased accept ance, and maybe fewer problems that result from the current misapprehend between people of different cultures. I showed you how cultures can change, sometimes over a long time, sometimes over a period of less then fifty years, and told you the four main criteria used for examining cultures, so the next time you hear something about people from one area or religion cosmos stereotyped, you can hopefully get your own information and look for things for yourself.

Ulysses Alighieri Essays -- Dante Inferno Essays

Ulysses AlighieriIn Dantes Inferno, among many other sins, in Canto XXVI the counselors of fraud argon being punished. These people are being constantly consumed by flames, and more importantly, as Dante points out, are forced to speak through the tongues or fire, which pains them greatly. This follows Dantes idea of punishment that is the same as the sin -- just as they spoke falsely at ease, they should have great difficulty speaking now. The approximately prominent man in this bowge is a legendary figure -- Ulysses. The description of his sin, which Dante creates for Ulysses, is an account that conflicts with some of the previous works about him, like Homers, so we are forced to assume that Dantes Ulysses is completely, save for his name, the authors creation. The beginning of Canto XXVI is Dantes reproach to the people of Florence, whom he places in roughly all layers of Hell. Dante uses irony in his reproach Florence, rejoice, because thy soaring fame / Beats its broad wings a cross both land and sea, / And all the deep of Hell peal with thy name (Canto 26, 1-3), but after these few lines of insulting his fellow citizens, he completes the Canto without mention of any Flourentines. There can be many interpretations to this fact, and one of them is that Dante treasured to show that evil in men has existed since much earlier times, and it is not only their generation of Florentines that goes to Hell, but many legendary figures from other great nations as well. Also I recall Dante is also trying to have all sides represented in Hell -- the Italians, as well as their legendary enemies -- the Greeks who conquered Troy, and attempt to destroy their ancestors. However Ulysses is not placed with Brutus into the mouth of ... ...by his utter shame in his position, for in the next Canto, another flame, Guido da Montefeltro, is very restless to speak to the poet. I think that Ulysses does not talk freely because he does not completely deserve to be punished for his sin, since he did not in full intend to fool his crew into killing them, but rather he was driven by the desire for good, for searching out a new way, which Dante holds in high esteem, but he accomplishes this through sin, and must therefore be punished. He is therefore reluctant to speak of his sin, for he believes there was none.I believe that in part of Ulysses, Dante is trying to see himself, with the difference that Ulysses strives for the exploration of the forbidden, while Dante strives for the exploration of the divine and righteous, but otherwise the same, with the same desire to explore previously untouched territory.