Addicted The High Cost of Cigarette Smoking - 796 Words

An addiction is the state of being enslaved to a habit, practice, or something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming. There are many forms of addictions but the most common addiction is smoking. According to the American Cancer Society, on average about 45 million Americans currently smoke cigarettes. About twenty three percent are male adults and eighteen percent are female adults. Many smokers do not realize the serious effects of smoking until it is too late. It wasn’t known until the past twenty or thirty years what the harmful effects of smoking were. Many people who smoke started because of peer pressure, the desire to be labeled as â€Å"cool†, or just did not have the resources to understand the risks. Whatever the reason†¦show more content†¦When a person becomes a smoker in their early teens they are at a greater risk of dying prematurely from heart disease, lung cancer, and emphysema. Some other researched effects include accelerated o steoporosis, earlier menopause, and impaired reproductive capacity mostly seen in adults. Women who are pregnant should not smoke due to the fact that it can damage a baby’s brain development and growth. It could also result in a decreased ability to enjoy physical abilities because of the ailment or side effects like breathing problems. It also reduces life expectancy. The smoker may lose 10-15 years of his or her life as a consequence. Even though there are many physical effects, some of the reasons why smoking is so addicting are psychological. Healthy Living believes that this is the main reason people have been unsuccessful at quitting smoking. When people try to quit they go through withdrawal which will go away after a short time or can linger for a long period of time. Once a smoker can conquer the mental, the physical is easy. It has been told that second hand smoke is more dangerous than actually inhaling the tobacco. So those who are constantly around those who smoke are at the same risk of forming illnesses and disease. It has been proven that second hand smoke has 4000 chemical compounds and 200 which are poisonous. Second hand smoke can affect any race, gender, and age. The smoker could possibly be the cause of another person’sShow MoreRelatedCigarette Price Increase1221 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette price increase The article is about the minimum price of cigarettes of RM7 for a pack of 20 cigarettes is not a new measure and has been in place since January 2010. More than half of the minors (53%) said they buy their own cigarettes, while 30% got them from friends in Malaysia, 55% of the adolescent smokers smoke less than 10 sticks per day in Kelantan, 95% of shops sold cigarettes to minors without verifying their age. There are over 80,000 retail outlets selling cigarettes throughoutRead MoreDisadvantages Of Smoking1081 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking, the world’s most common drug addiction, is prevalent in our culture today. â€Å"Smoking kills more people than AIDs, heroin, crack cocaine, alcohol, car accidents, fire, and murder combined† (Smoking: the artificial passion, Krogh). Cigarettes are so popular that they come in many different varieties, from the average Marlboro to the expensive and luxurious Cuban cigars. Plus, with the average cigarette costing a hefty $5.51, smoking is one of the most expensive habits to maintain. Read MoreCigarette Taxation: Fastest Growing Revenue in the United States631 Words   |  3 PagesCigarette taxation is the fastest growing revenue in the United States. The article says that about 1.3 billion people around the world smoke, which is really high. All over America, underage smoking is happening, and the government thinks raising the taxes on cigarettes is a way they can stop this. According to the article, if the government increases cigarette taxes by 50%, it reduces the overall consumption of cigarettes by 20%. This is because a rise of price will mean that people spend lessRead MoreIs the Cigarette Tax Enough To Prevent Smoking? Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking cigarettes have negative effects on not only the people who smoke, but also the people around them and the environment. Smoking cigarettes lead to many diseases and negative health effects, such as lung cancer, emphysema, and heart disease. Second hand smoke can lead to the same side effects. However, the dangers of second hand smoke tend to be generally greater than that of first hand smoke, which is what the smoker inhales. Because of all the negative effects of smoking, the sale ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Cigarette Smoking And Public1252 Words   |  6 Pages Cigarette Smoking and Public Cigarette smoking is one of the largest preventable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in developed countries. It is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis is burned and the smoke is inhaled. Nowadays many people smoke everywhere at any time, thus they obtain many negative effects on their health. Although, many smokers know the health risks related to smoking but they cannot stop inhaling it. ManyRead MoreTobacco Products Cause And Effects1351 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts, specifically cigarettes, are products that usually cause a slow, painful death. If death is not eventually caused as a direct result of tobacco products, they can still result in various other debilitating illnesses. It is not only health that the use of tobacco products causes to decline, but also the monetary security of the individual indulging in these items. Whether it is money or health, tobacco products cause severe degradation in both categories. Cigarettes and other i tems such asRead MoreHealth Behavior Change Diary Template On Quitting Cigarette Smoking1530 Words   |  7 Pagesquitting cigarette smoking Health behavior I wish to change: Significant number of people has been addicted to the habit of smoking despite of knowing the fact that it is injurious to health. In the past, it was considered as the taboos and only adult group was habituated but currently, it is common among both adolescent and adult population. Cigarette smoking is habit of inhaling smoke of cigarette and releasing it. A study by Gong (2011, pp.48) reveals that the prevalence of cigarette smokingRead MoreInterview : Interview And Observation1348 Words   |  6 Pagesinterview. I picked from close friends and family. The survey questions were: Do you smoke cigarettes? How long have you smoked? How often do you smoke? Do you consider yourself addicted or a social smoker? Would you like to quit? Have you ever tried? If yes, what happened? My first interviewee was a male 40 years of age who admitted to being a smoker of cigarettes since age 16 but didn’t become addicted until age 18. He stated he smokes 15 times a day. He stated he smokes less when at work dueRead MoreImposing Taxes on Cigarrettes May Be Beneficial Essay examples810 Words   |  4 Pages Cigarettes are not like normal goods since they for most of their users are addictions. The demand curve is therefore close to inelastic (See figure 1 and Perucic). This is again because customers are addicted to cigarettes and nicotine and will pay the extra money to continue to smoke them. Furthermore, cigarettes do not have many close substitutes that people can use instead (Perucic). So when the government imposes a tax on cigarettes the producer will be able to pass nearly all of the cost fromRead MoreTobacco Companies And Responsibility Of Tobacco1446 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for any smoking related illness or death. The use of tobacco is the leading preventable cause of disability, disease, and death in the U.S. About 1 in every 5 deaths in the United States is tobacco related and an additional 16 million people are currently suffering with a serious illness or disease due to smoking. For every one person who dies from smoking, about 30 others suffer from at least one serious tobacco related ailment. A typical smoker will take 10 â€Å"puffs† on a cigarette over a time

Theme Of Evil In Beowulf - 996 Words

Beowulf versus Evil Heroes can be in our everyday life or someone you’ve seen only once but all of our heroes have something in common. Their heroic traits make up who they are and some character traits my heroes have in common are kindness, courage, intelligence, and empathy. Beowulf is also a hero in my eyes because he possesses all of these traits and more. What traits do your heroes have in common? Robert Nye’s long poem, Beowulf: a New Telling, is a fictional long poem about a hero, Beowulf, who constantly battles the face of evil in many forms. The theme of this text is about good vs. evil which shows up many times, one after another. To start, Beowulf as a young warrior portrayed many traits of a hero such as brave and fearless†¦show more content†¦Bravery is an important character trait for heroes in order to help them defeat other monsters/ evil and this is still the same for Beowulf as he defeats Grendel’s reincarnation. Therefore, when Beowulf was a young warrior, he had many character traits of a hero including being gallant, confident, and bold. Continuing on, Beowulf as an older king has traits different from Beowulf as a young warrior such as cunning and selfless which fuels my reason of why Beowulf is a dynamic character. For example, Beowulf is strategic as he devises a plan involving bees against the Firedrake and so Beowulf releases the Queen Bee just as, â€Å"The Firedrake took a deep breath and swallowed [it] (98-103). During this ordeal, Beowulf cunningly creates a plan to defeat the Firedrake by releasing the Queen Bee into the mouth in which the rest of the bees follow, stinging the Firedrake from the inside. The word clever means â€Å"able to use your intelligence to do something, especially in a slightly dishonest way† (Longman dictionary, 178). Beowulf is dynamic because whilst Beowulf was a young warrior, he would have never thought to attempt this. Beowulf needed this trait as an older king because he would have never been able to finish off the Firedrake if he wasn’t cunning. Additionally, B eowulf is caring as he says, â€Å"The Firedrake will pay for what it has done- not only with its life, but with the gold he keeps watch over†Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the epic poem, Beowulf, perhaps the most important theme seen throughout is the portrayal of good and evil, and how this portrayal impacts the story. The epic poem is about an epic hero, Beowulf, who is completely thought of as a good character and a strong warrior. The unknown author of this poem makes Beowulf out to be, ultimately, a glorified killer of the perceived monsters. However, the poem in and of itself is an opinionated story which gives the bare amount of opposition to show that perhapsRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf859 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an epic Anglo-Saxon poem, which tells a story of a hero who is destined to defeat several monsters in order to save a kingdom from peril. The underlying meaning is good versus evil with go od always prevailing in the end. The theme of good versus evil was portrayed through the characters and events. Beowulf is the good guy fighting against evil. Beowulf is not just one person fighting against the evils of the world. In many cases, he is fighting for humanity’s sake. Beowulf is the epicRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf997 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an epic poem that was written in Old English in between the 8th and 11th century. King Hrothgar who rules the Danes, is being tormented by this beast called, Grendel. For some time now, Grendel has been attacking Heorot Hall, a mead-hall, and has been killing off many of the Danish soldiers and sometimes even devouring some. The king didn’t seem able to protect the people in his village from this great demon. Until, one day, Beowulf shows up and actually offers to help King Hrothgar byRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the epic poem Beowulf has no specified author or exact translations, the legendary story echoes through time as the fame of this hero continues to expand. Beowulf, the King of the Geats, is the protagonist in this epic; many describe him as the greatest man to have ever lived. Beowulf fits the architype for hero extremely well , possessing all the essential traits; he creates an aura as the ultimate source of good in this entire story. Of course, Beowulf is not alone, there are several otherRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthere was no evil. The start of evil was marked when a jealous angel, Satan, desired equality to God. He thrust an ever-lasting battle into play when he battled God for supremacy. One-third of all the angels in heaven, including Satan, were thrown from heaven onto Earth. God’s perfect creation became faulted when the fallen angel, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve into eating a forbidden fruit. By partaking of the forbidden fruit, sin was born on Earth. The birthing of such catastrophe--evil--has affectedRead MoreTheme Of Good Vs Evil In Beowulf753 Words   |  4 Pagespoem of Beowulf, the theme is good vs. evil. But in the movie Hollywood made, everything is different. Beowulf is not honest, women are sexually powerful, and the monsters are Hrothg ar and Beowulf’s sons, etc. They added many things that were definitely now in the poem. If you read the poem, then watching the movie you would be confused. You would be asking so many questions. But the current audience thinks good vs. evil is boring. Nobody likes a liar and the Hollywood version of Beowulf makes himRead MoreGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf807 Words   |  3 PagesGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf In the story of Beowulf, there are many different themes found. Many people argue the main theme found in this story. This has been argued for a very long time and will go on for many more years to come. Although many themes in this story stick out and a main theme will never be accepted, one main theme is very noticeable in the story of Beowulf. The main theme found in Beowulf is good versus evil. Good versus evil is very easy to recognize. â€Å"Some peopleRead MoreBeowulf: Themes1038 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf: Themes The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendent of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel s mother and a Dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon story teller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elementsRead MorePaganism In Beowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesPaganism in Beowulf Beowulf was composed when England was transitioning from a pagan to a Christian culture. In chapter 3 of A Little History of Literature, it is said that Beowulf was likely written by a Christian monk who inserted Christian themes into the story. This is why Beowulf reflects both Christian and pagan views. These two religions and their elements affect the story in different ways. There are pagan views of fate and fame in Beowulf, but there are also Christian themes of humilityRead MoreGood vs. Evil in Beowulf1456 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil in Beowulf Beowulf is longest and greatest early Anglo-Saxon poem which was composed in England sometime in the eighth century AD by a literate scop. This poem was created in the oral poetic tradition. This poem is considered as an epic because it is a long narrative poem which composed in an elevated style, dealing with the glories of hero (Tolkien 24). The setting of this epic is the six century in Denmark and southern Sweden. The protagonist, Beowulf is a noble warrior represents

Business Research Report

Question: Prepare a research report of industry characteristics that will affect an organization entering in that industry. Answer: Introduction: To understand industry organization, an individual needs to know about the factors that regulate the economic structure of industrial environment. The characteristics of industrial organization can be determined from the effects that influence the economic and other factors of an industry when a disparate company launches product from their industry (Tedeschi2013). The industry should have growth prospects in order to attract small companies or B2B companies to engage into business deals with them. While many B2B company have their own industry, some of them perceives greater prospect in selling or launching their new product in other industry rather than their own industry (Hutt and Speh 2012). The industry which has higher economic value or possesses greater institutional capital stacked in economic market tends to tempt many prospective B2B companies in indulging in doing business with them. Industries like Microsoft and Google has supplied their ideas to other companies and indus tries as they saw that this will assist them to gain stature in global market. Size of the industry: Mitsubishi group is a cluster of companies that manufactures different automobile parts and engineering equipments. They are the autonomous bodies; associatively form an industry called Mitsubishi heavy industry. The industry hugely supplies machine tools, equipments, engines, automotive components to other industries. They are largely associated with B2B business with aerospace, defense, and ship building and energy industries. The size of the industry is huge as they have 300 companies all over the world. Recently they have been successful in doubling their market sales so that they can maintain their pace with the competitor company such as G. E Corporation and Siemens AG. They supply engineering equipments. It has become the largest manufacturing firm of Japan who both manufactures and supplies machineries. The industry also manufactures ships, automobiles and aircraft. Mostly they are associated with activities that are related to defense. Rovimatica is a Spanish technology company that has invented a new technology in the field of robotics and wants to show case their products and manufactured equipments on an influential company in order to gain fame in market. Mitsubishi has been dealing with Rovimatica for many years as they are online electronic equipment providers and their sale value is lower than other trading companies. The company is involved in manufacturing, building and designing electronic equipments. Mitsubishi is highly influential industry and lately, they have thought of launching a robot that can be placed in hospitals for 24 hours patient surveillance purpose. Rovimatica has their own ecommerce site and they sale their products. They are the B2B Company who has newly designed a robot and wants to sell it to Mitsubishi. Value factors of B2B environment: B2B introduces to the situation where a commercial undertaking takes place between two organizations (Lilien 2016). In this case Mitsubishi has taken up the liability to promote the Spanish robotics company commercially. Mitsubishi in this case will be buying the product which is manufactured equipment. This is a complex transaction that takes place between the buyers and sellers and buyers may extensively negotiate as they are in most cases more powerful than the sellers(Visweswara, Gohad and Rao 2012). Target marketing should also be searched in order to get a clear perspective about the consumers or the target customers. B2B is a very complex and extensive process when it comes to decision making. The company may hire a team in order to make feasible decision whether the product has the potentiality that the company can give it its name. Purchasing personnel is the official decision maker who makes decision about the transaction process. Technical team is hired in case of electronic products that will ensure the product has no technical defaults and contacts the suppliers giving them time to time information about their product(Hirvonen, Laukkanen and Salo 2016). It is the commercial transaction that defines the role of manufacturer and the wholesaler. In a B2B business the client is not a customer rather the business is the client itself. This draws the conclusion that as when a business is serving another business more attentions needs to be given. It is like nurturing a two way relationship. The client should be sincere about his product and should ensure that the buyer is satisfied with his product. Stereotyping is a common problem in B2B business if privacy is not adhered then the ethically it may confront undesirable outcome. Demand of the market is also important in B2B. Key players: Key players in this case are Mitsubishi and the client Spanish company Rovimatica. They are connected to each other because Rovimatica wants to sell their robotics product to Mitsubishi. Now a day, B2B markets solely depend on networking sites (Janita and Miranda 2013). The transaction procedure also takes place via internet. This can be very risky because there is always a chance of receiving faulty products. The cost of sales and purchase becomes low as the cost of transaction is lower. It is a techno product that is being discussed here so extensive confusion about its design and sustainability can bring uncertainty about the launch. It is a new product so the industry in concern here will go through the designs and go through the data to ensure about its sustainability. The article published by Jolibert et al. 2012, broadly discusses about the importance of the purchasing professionals holds a valuable position in business. Key Business consumers: The key business consumer in this case is Mitsubishi. The company is launching the product made by the other company that means the industry is supporting company commercially. The consumer here is not the customer it is the industry which will buy that product for selling purpose. Industry analysis is tool that determines the weakness and strengths of a company who is interested to enter a new industry(Grunig 2013). Mitsubishi saw that Rovimatica is a company that is trying to launch their product for the first time and has a name in the market as successful online trader. The company assessed that Mitsubishi is a big name and a new product launch under their label would mean greater profit. The competitive aspect of an industry is highly useful for measuring the sustainability rate of the industry. Mitsubishi is a big company and their background history foretells the success story about the goals that they have achieved. Undeniably they are the best that a company can get acclamation that is about to get launched. The key industrial characteristics that can be observed are as follows: Historical performance is a significant attribute which is assessed in case of industry. The industries that have strong past history can provide best opportunity for the new product launch. A flourishing industry like Mitsubishi will never face constriction in case of labor. They have enough supply of both technical and non technical labor. The geographical regulation of Mitsubishi is massive. They are famous all around the world. According to Michael Porter the potentiality of profit of an industry depends on five factors threat from the new entrants, rivalry that exists between the other existing competitors, bargaining power of the buyers and the bargaining power of the seller. The company who is trying to launch its new product will always search for economic stability which will not hinder the production process of the product. Due to low economy many potential product suffers rejection at the manufacture level. According to Biegl et al. 2014, cross functionality in case of marketing of robots and secondly the product should be able to diminish the semantic communication barrier between the user and the supplier. In the journal published by Foss and Knudsen 2013, Competency theories that can be implemented on firms are discussed. It is the theory that talks about the perspective of competence that an industry needs to use their capital strategically in order to achieve long term goals. Segmentation approaches: The article published by Kohlbacher and Rabe 2015, extensively discusses about the innovations and the future prospects in the field of Robotics. There are several ways a market can be segmented. The marketer needs to decide about how the segmentation can be done or the suitable strategy that will enhance the profitability of the product. The location of the consumer is important in determining the geographical segmentation of the market of the product. Demographic segmentation detects the age, social class, income class, family, race etc. Demographic variables are utilized in order to get a clear perspective about the preferences that the consumers have. Robots are something that is of high value and they are rarely used for private purpose. The journal published by Lotz et al. 2014, illuminates about the complexity of the technique and possibility of failure that looms on the mechanism of robots. Still robotics are widely accepted. They are mostly used in industrial purpose or mili tary purpose. Recently medicinal field has also shown interest in robotics(Vlter et al.2013). The high profile nursing homes are slowly replacing their facility with bots. That is why the target customers are those people or industries those who can afford such luxury. So the consumers should fulfill the demographic categorical aspects like thriving, expanding, rising and aspiring. Mitsubishi is an affluent industry that has the capacity to survive the demographic challenges and has the power to draw consumer from the expected sectors of community. Future growth potential of the industry: Mingling with high profile industry like Mitsubishi can draw attention towards the new company and its product. Industry is the key tool to develop the competitiveness to defend the other competitors of the market. The launch of a new product means facing several difficulties and obstacles from the market. That is why a company searches for a suitable company that has power and competitive strength to dominate other market competitors. A financially strong industry will be able invest capital for the products that has high market potentiality. An organization or a company will be ultimately gaining from this situation. Their product will be launched safely without any financial barrier(Tan 2013). Marketing and channeling should be done because the social channels are the effective way to spread the news about the new product. Robots are technology based products that is why public demonstration should be arranged. It is not unusual that a technical may not take place. Technical team needs to be hired so that these kind errors are sorted out before it gets public exposure. When the product is being manufactured concept testing and product testing should be done in order to understand how much the product will be popular when it will be launched. The design of a robot should be market appropriate. Its weight and energy saving capacity are the factors that should be kept in mind. Philip Kotler, the theorist has rightly said a product should serve the utility of the consumer. Marketing strategy is all about reaching the desired goal applying a comprehensive plan. The product needs to be the right mix so that it can earn market profit and sustain the market storm(Wu, Zhang and Li 2013). Market research about the product should be made to see the past history about the market. Robotics is a field that has been successful in capturing the attention of audiences. Expertise is needed in order to retain consumer attention. Techno market has to have one quality, the ability to catch the target audiences by surprise so that they get stuck with amazement. An indus try that supports innovations in the field of technology and also acknowledges potentiality in budding companies should be approached for projects that have ample potential(Gooderham et al. 2013). Conclusion: Mitsubishi is a company which has extensive grip on the field of technology. Robotics is a field that needs a systemized plan in order to achieve long term success. Undoubtedly, it is a cost heavy production process. The plan of the product or the product itself should be reliable enough to engage the sight of the consumers. If a company wants promote or launch a new product from other potential industry, it should be kept in mind that a strategic plan should be followed. Marketing is not a constricted discipline it involves a lot of study and involves the whole organization. Communicating about individual vision and strategy helps in developing a plan that is market sustainable. A team should be strong enough to realize the value of the project and act accordingly keeping in mind goals which has to be fulfilled. The field of technology is greatly dependent on cost, time and efficient technical team. An industry should know how to entice consumer attention and make their products wor thy of the market. Reference: Biegl, M., Hasenauer, R., Silberbauer, L., Filo, P., Orgonas, J., Paholkova, B. and Weber, C., 2014, July. Marketing testbeds for high tech innovation: The case of taurob robotics. InManagement of Engineering Technology (PICMET), 2014 Portland International Conference on(pp. 1145-1168). IEEE. Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, C., 2013.Towards a competence theory of the firm. Routledge. Gooderham, P.N., Gooderham, P.N. and Gr_ogaard, B., 2013.International management: theory and practice. Edward Elgar Publishing. Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hirvonen, S., Laukkanen, T. and Salo, J., 2016. Does brand orientation help B2B SMEs in gaining business growth?.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(4). Hutt, M. and Speh, T., 2012.Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Janita, M.S. and Miranda, F.J., 2013. The antecedents of client loyalty in business-to-business (B2B) electronic marketplaces.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.814-823. Jolibert, A., Mhlbacher, H., Flors, L. and Dubois, P.L., 2012.Marketing management: A value-creation process. Palgrave Macmillan. Kohlbacher, F. and Rabe, B., 2015. Leading the way into the future: the development of a (lead) market for care robotics in Japan.International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management,15(1), pp.21-44. Lilien, G.L., 2016. The B2B Knowledge Gap.International Journal of Research in Marketing. Lotz, A., Ingls-Romero, J.F., Stampfer, D., Lutz, M., Vicente-Chicote, C. and Schlegel, C., 2014. Towards a Stepwise Variability Management Process for Complex Systems: A Robotics Perspective.International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design (IJISMD),5(3), pp.55-74. Tan, H., 2013, November. Research and Design on B2B E-Commerce Supply Chain Management System. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 380, pp. 4771-4774). Tedeschi, J.T. ed., 2013.Impression management theory and social psychological research. Academic Press. Visweswara, U.M., Gohad, A. and Rao, P.S., 2012, October. Out-of-the-enterprise b2b gateway cloud service for emerging markets. InCloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM), 2012 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Vlter, M., Stahl, T., Bettin, J., Haase, A. and Helsen, S., 2013.Model-driven software development: technology, engineering, management. John Wiley Sons. Wu, M., Zhang, H. and Li, Y., 2013, May. Data mining pattern valuation in apparel industry E-commerce cloud. InSoftware Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 2013 4th IEEE International Conference on(pp. 689-692). IEEE.

Is Food Security Really Just About Food

Question: Write about the Report on "Is Food Security Really Just About Food". Answer: Introduction Venessa Barrington. The green plate: The 10 biggest issues with the global food system. Ecosalon publishers. October 5, 2010. Food security has become a matter of concern is most regions across the world reaching the level of becoming global issue. Food security broardly include the conditions associeted with food supply and access to food. Food security, therefore, is not only about food but also about factors influencing food supply, availability and access. Supply of food on the one hand, sorounds food production. food access include factors that affect transportation and marketing of food commodities. Some factors that affects the food production while other factors affect economics of food leading to improved food security or reduction of food security. The following paper examines food production and supply factors and food acces and nutrition as determinants of food security. Food Production and Supply There are various factors that affect production and supple of food commodities. These factors include geopolitical factors, food production labour, human migration and settlemnt patterns, human activities, global food policies, developmental goals, regionality in production and energy requirement for food production. When examining the issue of food security there is need for considering the geopolitical environment. According to Brown L.,[1] there is connection that exist between food price and geopolitics. Geopolitical factors influences both the food production which and food prices in the international market and local market. Brown, L. examines the effects of the food prices on peoples life citing strategies used by richer nations to solve food crisis. Furthermore, the effect of climatic change on crop production need the solution through crops that use less water. In effort to solve food security issues, richer countries forms secrets farming contracts with the local government to cultivate food and industrial crops that has high prices. Food security is not just about food instead of food security require examination of geopolitical environment that influences food production and marketing. Food security requires examination of labour as factor affecting food production. Quisumbing, A., Brown,L., Feldstein, H., Haddad, L. and Pena, C, interestingly present report that shows women as the key source of labour that influence to the food security. There are evidence that shows minimal labour available to increase food production. Men are rerely involved in production henec the role played by women in food economics is great despite gender inequalities. Gender inequalities and poverty undermines role of women in food production affecting the food security. In addition, women play role in ensuring good family nutrition thus improving food security. Women maintain nutrition among children and when a woman get the adequate education, employment and the empoverment nutrition status of the family also improves. There is also need to adopt use of current technology in food production to improve food security[2]. Food production is influence by human migration and settlemnt patterns. Urbanization is typical example of settlement patthern that influence food consumption and lowers agricultural food production. According to Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli, there is connection between the number of food producers, food consumers and the impact of increasing urbanization trends. The increase in refugues issues is one of the key factor that affect both food production and increaes food consumption. Continous migration on the other lowers food production affecting food security. Rural urban migration increases food requirement and consumption in urban areas, the number of consumers increased with no change in number of producers hence the trend remain the same. Food security therefore includes human migration and settlement patterns[3]. Global food policies are key determinants of food security. Global Food Policy Report is a report on food policy published by IFPRI at the biginning examining food policies in relation to global food issues. The currents food policies present challenges to sustainable food productions systems. The primary purpose of food policies should evaluate performance of food policies in sustainable food production and food availability. There is need to reshape global food systems which is key to tackle food security issues. Food security, therefore, involves the review of food policies toward the good of sustainability[4]. Food security needs consideration of developmental goals set by international communities. The state of global food insecurity published by The Food and Agricultural Organization rewiews the progress developmental goals[5]. FAO through the Sustainable Development shows that to solve the food malnutrition there is the need for sustainable political commitments that reduce hunger thus improving food security. In addition, the report shows that there is the need for good food enabling environments. A study conducted in seven different countries to identify the food security environments shows that different countries have responded differently to goals that influences global food security. Few countries recognizes importance of sustainable development goals thus remaining food insecure through out the year.[6] Food security is about adoption of current technology in food production and distribution. Prahlad, K. (2009) presents the implication of technology in food production as the way of improving food security. There are various technologies that can be used to increaes food production, distribution and marketing. Technologies such as biotechnology, information technology and nanotechnology can be used in crop improvement[7]. The article explores technological resources available that with the view to asses their usefulness in improving food production and subsequently food security. Food security is not about food but about food production technological improvement. Embrace science to address global food security is an article written by Sara Wyant in 2016 to show usefulness of technology and innovation to solve the global security issues. The author cite biotechnology as one of the new technology that needs to be embraced to improve food production as a strategy for food security improvement. The author further indicates that all is not about food security; it is about nutrition improvement and poverty reduction. The author uses literature review approach to examine the research works by different writers on the technology topic. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance and uses of technology in the improvement of food production. The overall article has good technological findings though it only concentrates on biotechnology that is not acceptable by most countries[8]. Regionality of food production is another factor that influences food security. The burden of food importation is globally felt on food prices. Joel, K. and bourne J. (2009) analyzes the burden of food production that causes of food crisis. Studies shows that most of food are produced in different places across the world and when trasnported raises the cost of production[9]. The burden of food production is often felt when there is the increase in food prices. According to the report the food crisis felt globally need the critical examination of food production systems. Food crisis witnessed through burden of food production greatly influence food security. The only challenge is on how to localize food production as many countries still remain underdeveloped. Much effort need to put in local food product in order to resuce importation cost. This strategy can help reduce cost of food production lowering food prices hence improved food security. The food security issue is tied to the energy and energy sources used in food production. Application of bio-fuels in food production is most likely to reduce food prices downwards. Lantz B. and Hertel, T. cites that there is most likely that the food prices will reduce downward with introduction of bio-fuels as the alternative source of energy used in food production. As most of writers show that food prices will continue to increase Lantz B, and Hertel, T. (2016) proves that bio-fuels will reduce oil prices lowering food prices[10]. Human activities such as industrialization, deforestation and overcultivation influences food security. Venessa, B. cites food safety, socio-economic factors, declining natural food production systems and poor agricultural productions as factors that affect food the availability. Industrialization causes environmental pollution that threatens existence of natural resources. Different food productions systems and their effect on natural food systems affect the availability of the food that is consumed by individuals globally[11]. Food producers needs to adopt better agricultural production for increasing food availability and limit environmental pollution as food security strategy. Good agricultural production leads to increase food availability thus improving food security. Climatic change is another key determinant of food security that needs to be examined. Research conducted by Food and Agriculture Organization (2016) show that climatic change is most likely to cause poor agricultural production[12]. The erratic climatic change has the detrimental effect on the soil, forest and ocean causing poor agricultural food production. In event to expand on the effect of climatic change affects communities that largely depend on farming, pastoral and fishing as source of livelihood are most likely to be affected. Those communities that largely depend on natural ways to produce food are the casualties of climatic change. Food security form this point of view requires adoption of irrigation and other controlled agricultural production environments. Access to Food and Food Nutrition To understand food security there is need to understand factors that influence access to food and nutrition. Some of the factors that determine access to food and nutrition are socio-economic factors, consumption trends and drivers, infrastructure, peoples culture and food wastes. Caswell, J, and Yaktine, A. (2013) present socio-econmic factors that influence the choice of food consumed by individuals and households in. socio-economic factors that influence food consumed by individual consist of factors that affect acquiring, preparation and consumption of food. Firstly, the choice of food consumed as a factor affecting food security is determined chiefly by time availability, food preference and resources availability for purchasing food. These factors influence the choice of food consumed resulting in good or poor nutrition. Secondly, social and economic issues also relates to food procurement, preparation and consumption to explaind dynamics of food security. Therefore, the issue of food security indicating that the process of acquiring, preparing and consuming food are important food security aspects. In contrast, the author give no information on food production since food production also affect food consumption[13]. The food security also encompasses food consumption trends and drivers as described by Kearney, J. (2010) shows the key drivers for increase food consumption trends that are seen across the world. The increased agricultural production has increased food availability resulting in increase food consumption. Consumption of food such as cereals, meat, eggs and dairy product has increase globally and is promising to remain the same[14]. There is indication that the increase food consumsion trend has a projection up to the year 2050. The statistical data available on food consumption to trends and drivers shows that food security need careful consideration of ways to increase food production. FAO (2011) affirms the infrastructure as driver of food consumption since infrastructure influence marketing of food that has been produced. Infrastructure facilitate trade leading to access to food in different places. Development of road network is important as it ensures that food commodities are t ransported to places it can be access by individuals. Morover, infrastructure facilitate importation of food commodities from one country to another[15]. Food security revolve around peoples culture and cultural preference. Reseach shows that food consumption culture differs globally. Western cultures has embrace consumption of junk foods while most cultures ecourage consumption of stapple food. Global food crisis has triggered cultural shift towards junk food consumption[16]. The culture shift involve adopting of junk food consumption as a eating culture contrary to staple food. High food prices and high poverty level in developing country have cause people living in this regions to change food their culture. The cultural change is used as the way to improve food security and solve the food crisis though this junk food contain simple ingredients such as sugar, starch and fats. Food security also need consideration of amount of food wasted and environmental consequences. A research published by Ron, N. shows the effect of food wasted in the united states landfills on food security and environment. The research indicates that many tons of food decompose in landfills which is economic social and environmental issue[17]. Though the food mostly is wasted in the United States, the effect is felt globally since the decomposing food produces gasses that eventually cause climatic change. Ron creates awareness to the government, environmentalists and the global community on the effect of wasting food. The prevention of food wasting is key to solving food crisis and improving food security. As various contries strive to maintain or solve food security, some reasonable amount of food is wasted. It is therefore important to consider food wastested. Bibliography Brown, LR. The New Geopolitics of Food. The Food Issue: 57-62, 2011. Caswell, J, and A. Yaktine. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2013. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Climate Change Undermine Global Food Security. Jordan news agency (Petra ): Rome, Italy, 2016. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Women Key to Food Security. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2011. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The State of Food Insecurity in The World 2014: Sustainable Development. United Nations, 2014. https//www.fao.org/publication/sofi/2014/en/ International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2016 Global Food Policy Report: How We Feed The World Is Unsustainable. Global Agricultural Research Partnership: CGAR, April 22, 2016. https//www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2016 Joel, K. and bourne Jr. The Global Food Crisis: National Geographic Society . June 2009. Kearney, John. Food Consumption Trends and Drivers. Philosophical Transactions About the Royal Society B: 365(1554): 27932807, 2010. Lantz Baldos, and Thomas Herte. Debunking the new normal: Why world food prices are expected to resume their long run downward trend. West Lafayette, USA, March 2016, 1(1): 2738. Prahlad Kasturi. Technology and food security, Humanomics, 25(2): 163-168. Ranford, Virginia USA: Emarald Group Publishing Limited, 2009. Quisumbing, AR, LR Brown, HS Feldstein, L Haddad, and C Pena. 1995.Women: The Key to FoodSecurity. Food Policy Report, Washington DC: The International Food Policy Research Institute. Ron Nixon. Food Waste Becoming Serious Economic And Environmental Issue. New York Times: Washington, February 25, 2015. https//www.mobile.anytime.com/2015/02/26/us/food-waste-is-becoming-economic-and-environmental-issue-report-says.html?_r=0 Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli.. Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli C. Urbanization and itsimplPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences:365(1554):2809-2820, 2010. Sara Wyant. Vilsack: Embrace science to address global food security. Agri-Pulse Communications Inc. Iowa, 2016. https//www.Agri-Pulse.com Vidal John. Global Food Crisis Triggered Cultural Shift Toward Junk Food. New York: The Oxfarm and Institute For Development, 2016.

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions By Mark Nichol Various syntactical constructions signal the potential for verbal economy. In each example below, one or more words are easily omitted, as shown in the revision that follows the discussion about each sentence. 1. This is another step toward bringing the country’s privacy-protection regime in line with those of other international jurisdictions. In this sentence, nominalization, or transformation of a verb into a noun, results in an unnecessarily complicated syntax and an excessive word count. To reverse this process, convert â€Å"in line† to a form of align and replace the verb bringing with it: â€Å"This is another step toward aligning the country’s privacy-protection regime with those of other international jurisdictions.† 2. This contact would typically be someone who is in charge of managing privacy compliance. Here, the sentence is rendered slightly less wordy by omitting the unnecessary phrase â€Å"who is†: â€Å"This contact would typically be someone in charge of managing privacy compliance.† (â€Å"That is/are† is also often extraneous, as in â€Å"However, it is emerging technology-related challenges that are the foremost challenges for survey respondents,† which can be reduced to â€Å"However, emerging technology-related challenges are the foremost challenges for survey respondents.†) 3. There are a number of technical provisions that apply to providers of electronic communication services. This sentence includes an expletive (that term, in grammatical contexts, refers to the use of the weak phrase structure â€Å"There is/was/are/were† (or one beginning with it, followed by one of the listed verbs). This telltale phrase, and the corresponding that, are easily, productively omitted: â€Å"A number of technical provisions apply to providers of electronic communication services.† 4. The agency is analyzing the different types of alternative data available. Here, the superfluous adjective different (the idea is already implied in types) is omitted: â€Å"The agency is analyzing the types of alternative data available.† (Currently is another almost always extraneous modifier.) 5. Pinpoint which data to monitor for the purpose of helping continuously improve the department’s performance. Delete useless phrases such as â€Å"for the purpose of,† which may appear to strengthen a sentence but only clutter it (and change the phrase â€Å"of helping† to â€Å"to help†): â€Å"Pinpoint which data to monitor to help continuously improve the department’s performance.† (This sentence can also be inverted to â€Å"To help continuously improve the department’s performance, pinpoint which data to monitor.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:44 Resume Writing TipsWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

APES Chapter 5 vocab Essay Example

APES Chapter 5 vocab Essay Example APES Chapter 5 vocab Paper APES Chapter 5 vocab Paper interspecific competition occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, light, or space predatation occurs when a member of one species feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species parasitism occurs when one organism feeds on the body of, or the energy used by, another organism, usually by living on or in the host mutualism an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resourcea commensalism an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other predator-prey relationship relationships between a predator and its prey coevolution evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations resource partitioning occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to reduce niche overlap population dynamics a study of how the distribution, numbers, age structure, and density of populations change in response to changes in environmental conditions age structure the proportions of individuals at various ages biotic potential capacity for population growth under ideal conditions intrinsic rate of increase (r) the rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources intrinsic rate of increase (r) the rate at which the population of a species would grow if it had unlimited resources carrying capacity (K) the maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without being degraded logistic growth involves rapid exponential population growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off (S-shaped curve) r-related species species that have many, usually small, offspring and give them little or no parental care or protection K-related species tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with fairly long life spans. They also tend to mother and protect their young population density the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume ecological succession during which, some species colonize an area and their populations become more numerous, while populations of other species decline and may even disappear primary succession involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrestrial ecosystem, or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem secondary succession in which a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment tipping point where any additional stress can cause an ecosystem to change in an abrupt and usually irreversible way that often involves collapse

Financial Modelling Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Financial Modelling Report - Essay Example Owing to the strong impact that 2008 financial crisis caused in the financial markets especially by exacerbating market volatility; this project will also compare the variable relationships before the crisis and after the crisis with the aim of finding out whether the crisis had caused any significant changes in the stock market dynamics. The analysis will primarily involve generation of line graphs, scatter plots, relationship tables, and use of regression analysis to compare the relationship between various variables. Analysis of regression statistics and scatter plots will be generated by SPSS while charts will be generated by Microsoft excel worksheets. The output generated from SPSS will be synthesized and presented in tables in a manner that is easy to read and understand. The dependent variable will be the return and the independent variables will include size of firm, book-to-market ratio, beta and three geographical regions including America, Asia and Europe. The three variables will be presented as dummy variables to enable multi-regression analysis. Consequently, number 1 will be assigned to the region that the sample has been obtained; and 0 will be assigned to the other regions that the sample has not been obtained. Beta is used in CAPM to measure systematic risk or volatility of a particular security relative to the market as a whole (Zhang, Shu and Brenner, 2010). Therefore, the securities with higher beta have more risk than the market and many investors would not want to invest in them. However, it is widely accepted that the securities that have high return will also have a high risk. As such, from the figure 1 and 2 below, the beta is directly proportional to the stock return, meaning that as the beta increases, the return on stocks will also increase and vice versa. The essence of a higher return in the stocks with a higher beta is to compensate the investors for the higher risk they are

The relationship between advanced technology and Green supply chain Research Paper

The relationship between advanced technology and Green supply chain - Research Paper Example Source: LMI, 2005 In short, it integrates supply chain management with environmental management to achieve positive, sustainable results. This rooted to the acknowledgment on the role of manufacturing and other business processes on their disproportionate environmental impact with the understanding that operations are improved and savings are accrued in the process. Savings may not always mean cut in direct operational costs but environmental in nature through less reliance on raw or new materials that directly impacts on the environment. Objectives and Research Questions In the adoption of green supply chain techniques, many corporations or business entities have resorted to either age-old environmental practices or emerging technologies that facilitate green practices. It is therefore the aim of this paper to Provide the history and background in the development of green supply change Explain the significance of greening the supply chain Point our issues relating to the flow of pro ducts and services within the green supply chain context Explain how green supply chain management as a practice has been changed over time. These will be achieved by answering the research questions: 1. What is the importance of the history of green supply chain? 2. How green supply chain management as a practice has changed over time? 3. What is significance of greening the supply chain? 4. What are the issues relating to the flow of products and services within a Green Supply Chain context? Relevance of the Study The continuing depletion of natural resources, growing population, consumption, and lifestyle demands, negative changes in the environment and many other major problems have alarmed policy-makers, businesses, and even individuals in the last several decades. Current conditions of many of the world’s population and projections of the future are seen as very bleak so that it has become imperative to adopt short and long-term measures to address these issues. Thus, t he birth of eco-related movements such as the green supply chain in the business process. The importance of exploring background and history of the green supply chain lies on the possibilities of fast-tracking ways to improve production and design of consumption products. This study hopes to contribute in that segment. Background Extensive efforts are forwarded by nations and international organizations not only to their governments but also to the business and private sector to step up and address environmental problems. Climate change global warming, environmental degradation, and insurmountable economic and social problems directly linked with the abuse and neglect of the environment have been hounding humanity for several decades now so that the need to integrate acceptable business practices were proposed in order to reduce or decrease negative impacts. These are strengthened by governmental regulatory mandates as well as organisational requirements for acceptable continuance o f business operations in a given community or industry. It has been found that day-to-day practices from population growth to consumption are all connected to the continuing environmental changes which resulted to depletion of natural resources that may soon unable to support the population, increased carbon dioxide releases by each individual that leads to trapping of heat, increased temperatures elsewhere, water shortages, among others as reported by World Bank. Specifically, there are more than 2 billion people without access to clean water and sanitation, or roughly 40%

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Law, Air Pollution Permits - Essay Example Whenever a directive relating to emission principles or other requirements is adopted, it provides for the compliance with standards no later than the specified date (Theodore, 2008). Cap and trade is an ecological policy tool that delivers results with an obligatory cap on emissions while providing flexibility on how they comply. Successful cap and trade programs reward efficiency, innovation and environmental responsibility without infringing on economic growth. Examples of cap and trade programs consist of the acid rain program and the budget training program. This program is also known as emissions trading. These two programs differ in several ways. They include, the cap and trade program involves the purchasing of emission credits while the bubble program entails the controlled emissions with breaking any of the agreements incurs heavy fines. The use of emission trading has enhanced the achievement of environmental goals. Some skeptics have suggested that emissions’ trading has become an avenue for evading environmental requirements, while the bubble program enhances the achievement of environmental goals (Schaltegger, 2010). A stationary source is the basis that discharges more amounts of pollutants other than those defined by the Environmental Agency that protects the environment. This organization is in charge of regulating and monitoring of pollution. New Source Performance Standards define the amount of pollutants allowed by certain sources. A stationary source of air pollution is any fixed emitter of air pollutants. They include power plants, petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (Reitze, 2005). Mobile source air pollution is any form of air pollution emitted by equipment that can be moved from one location to another. They include motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives and other engine driven machines. Most of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have a harmful

Comparison of Working and Non-Working Mother Adolescents

Comparison of Working and Non-Working Mother Adolescents Relation Among Depression, Loneliness and Self-efficacy of Adolescents of Working and Non-Working Mother Sadia Afrin Summary The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relation among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers whether mother’s occupation has any effects on adolescent’s depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Assess whether depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents differ by gender or not. The participants of the relevant study will be 100 adolescents of working mothers where 50 will male and 50 will female and 100 adolescents of non-working mothers where 50 will male and 50 will female between the age group of 15 to 18 years selected purposively by convenience sampling technique. To collect the data I will use Bangla Version (Pervin, 2007) of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Dan, 1978), The Depression Scale (Rahman Uddin, 2005), and adopted Bengali Version (Ilyas, 2005) of Sherer’s (1982) General Self-Efficacy Scale. Descriptive and correlation statistical techniques will be employed to depict the quantitative data. Successful completion of the project will add a worthy picture of risk factors of adolescents. Introduction Adolescence comes from Latin word â€Å"adolescere† which means to grow up. It is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood. We all face different emotion, feeling in all over in our life. Depression is an emotional state marked by great sadness and apprehension, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. So it is a state of low  mood  and aversion to activity that can affect a persons thoughts, behavior, feelings and  sense of well being. According to the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), about 11% of adolescents have a depressive disorder by age 18. Girls are experiencing depression more likely than boys. Depression in adolescents is probably under diagnosed because the symptoms can be difficult to recognize. Loneliness is an unpleasant experience that occurs when a network of social relationships of a person is significantly deficient whether qualitatively or quantitatively. This definition consists two points of agreement. First, loneliness comes from a deficiency in a persons social relationships. It happens when there is a mismatch between a persons actual social relations and the persons needs or desires for social contact. Second, loneliness is not synonymous with social isolation; it is person’s subjective experience. So it can be said that, Lonelinessis unpleasant and unexpected  emotional  response to isolation or separation or lack of companionship. Although loneliness comes time to time of all age but during adolescence (particularly early adolescence) it is stayed in peak because of many changes in social expectations, roles, relationships, and identities, which may increase the experience of loneliness. Self-efficacy one’s perceived capabilities for learning and performing actions at designated levels. It is the power or strength of ones belief in on es own ability to finish tasks and reach aims. According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. Many researchers are counting academic competence as self efficacy which begins to decline in grade 7 or earlier. Research in where using longer depression scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory also find a strong relationship between loneliness and depression. The consistent association of loneliness and depression Bragg (1979) proposed a distinction between depressed loneliness and non-depressed loneliness. In a study of college students, Bragg found that depressed loneliness was associated with fairly global negativity, seen in dissatisfaction with social relations, school, work, and many facets of life. In contrast, non-depressed lonely people expressed dissatisfaction only with their social relations; they were not necessarily unhappy about other aspects of their lives. Cognitive processes may also influence the loneliness-depression link. Lonely people who blame themselves for their social problems and who attribute their loneliness to unchangeable factors may be most prone to depression. Self-efficacy makes a difference to as how people feel, think, and act. High self-efficacy allow s individuals to choose challenging settings and explore their environment or create new ones. While Bandura (1997) reported that a low self-efficacy is associated with a low self-esteem, Heslin and Klehe (2006) noted that self-efficacy is related to the experience of stress and work burnout. Specifically, low self-efficacy can lead to a sense of helplessness and hopelessness about ones capability of self-esteem. Dussault and Deaudelin (2001) found a negative correlation between self-efficacy and loneliness (r = .25). This finding suggests that loneliness is more likely exists in people who have lower self-efficacy. Every moment mothers are working for children, in this study working mother indicating them who are attached with job, business almost five years at this time and non-working means mothers who are only housewives. According to Raymond Montemayor Mark D. Clayton (1967), maternal employment might be more likely to result in problems for adolescents when it takes place in the context of family instability, undesirable peer influences and lack of maternal supervision. Lakhe (2003) completed a study which has the aim to see the social adjustment of the adolescents of working and non-working mothers. The result was found that adolescent’s total level of adjustments of working mother is higher than non-working mother. Suprerna Khanna studied on relationship between emotional intelligence and social maturity of adolescent children of working and non-working mothers. This study also found significant social maturity in adolescent children of working mothers than non-working mothers. Rationale of the study: In Bangladesh, there are almost 27.7million adolescents’. Among them, a significant numbers are suffering different mental health problems like anxiety, depression, stress, loneliness, low self-efficacy etc. In previous study we saw that adolescents whose mothers work in outside will suffer more mental health problems such as depression, loneliness and low self-efficacy than the adolescents whose mother stay in home. The rationale of the study is that, at first we measure whether the adolescents of working women and non-working women differ in the level of depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. If there found any differences then we say that there may remain some risk factors towards the differences in depression, loneliness and self-efficacy regarding their working status (working women, non-working women). The findings of the proposed study might help the improvement of adolescent’s life. Adolescent’s loneliness and self-efficacy are correlated with depression. If their loneliness is high or low then their depression will be high or low. And it also hypothesized that high-low self-efficacy is also correlated with low-high depression. If these correlations are founded the further extensive study on those areas will lead to explore risk factors and positive factors. Statistics shows that 30 percent of teens with depression also develop a substance abuse problem, lonely teens struggle with relationships and more dangerous thing is untreated depression is the number one cause of suicide, so if we can assume that adolescent child of working mother has these risk factors we can prevent these factors and also working mothers can concerns about their children and they can make different environment where child can not feel lonely, do not be depressed and make high self efficacy. Objectives of the study: The objectives of the present study are to: Investigate the relationship among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers. Whether mother’s occupation has any effects on adolescent’s depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Assess whether depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents differ by gender. Method Research Design Cross sectional study. Quantitative research, Random individual interview. Sample Size and Participants Almost 50 thousands of adolescents of Dhaka City are population in this study. The present study will be conducted on 200 adolescents where 100 will be working mother’s adolescents and 100 will be non-working mother’s adolescents who will be selected purposively but some will be selected conveniently and randomly. First I will select the school or college conveniently where I can collect data easily and then select a class randomly, I select the students purposively (criteria mother’s occupation, gender). A total of 200 adolescents (male and female) will be taken from Rajuk Uttara Model College by convenience sampling technique. The age of the respondents was between 15 to 18 years. Distributions of participants are given in the table 1. Table 1 Distribution of participants Adolescents (Working Mother) Adolescents (Non-Working Mother) Male 50 50 Female 50 50 Total 100 100 = 200 Instruments Demographic and personal information questionnaire: By this questionnaire, the data on age, gender, educational background, no. of siblings, family status, father’s occupation, and mother’s occupation’s details (job/business, duration, place), mothers’ age, mother’s educational background will be collected. Bangla Version (Pervin, 2007) of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Dan, 1978): The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale was developed to measure loneliness. It is a 20 items 4 point Likert type scale. 20 items of English version were translated into Bengali. Each of the 20 items is scored such that 1 indicates lack of loneliness and a 4 indicates high level of loneliness. Thus, total scores of the scale can range from 20 to 80. Higher score means high level of loneliness and lower score means low feelings of loneliness. The Depression Scale (Rahman Uddin, 2005): The depression scale was constructed to measure depression in the context of Bangladesh. It consisted of 30 items or statements. The answer options for each item of the scale were according to 5 point rating scale. Sum of all values indicated total score on the scale. The highest possible score of 30-items form of depression scale is 150 and the lowest possible score is 30. Higher score indicates higher depression and lower score indicates low level of depression. Adapted Bangla Version (Ilyas, 2005) of Sherer et. al.’s (1982) General Self-Efficacy Scale: This scale was used to measure degree of agreement with perceived personal ability to affect outcomes in various situations. It was a 17 items 5 point Likert type scale where scores ranged between 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). 6 of the 17 items were negative and for these items the scoring was reversed. Total score in the scale ranged from 17-85 with higher score representing higher self-efficacy. Procedure: Necessary demographic information sheet will be prepared first; the standard data collection procedure will be followed with a view to obtaining data about depression, loneliness and self-efficacy of adolescents of working and non-working mothers. First, the participants will sit in a room and then a brief description will be given about the questionnaire. They will be also instructed not to discuss about anything with one another while answering the questions and they will be assured that their opinions would be kept as confidential. The questionnaire with bio-data form was administered individually and they will ask to answer all the questions by giving tick marks. Once the answers will be collected, the respondents will be thanked for their kind co-operation. I will code and analyze the collected data by using computer software SPSS version 16.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethics Absence of the Ethical Committee I will not be able to collect Ethical Approval, but I will collect the permission of the Principle and Authority of the collage. I will also collect the consent of the students verbally. Data Analyses A descriptive analysis will be conducted of the variables such as gender, age, mother’s occupation. Then t-test analysis will be carried out to find out the differences between male and female adolescents. After that I will apply correlation statistics to find out the relationship among depression, loneliness and self-efficacy. Then a multiple regression analysis will be carried out to see how much depression, loneliness affect self-efficacy. Time Frame Annex 1 Objective-Data Collection Method analysis

The Effects of Hallucinogenic Drugs on The Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Effects of Hallucinogenic Drugs on The Brain Hallucinnogenic Drugs alter a person's perceptions of reality and may cause hallucinations and other alterations of the senses. Drugs classified as hallucinogens include: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetime(DOM), N,N-dimethyltrptamine(DMT), psilocin, and mescaline. There are two aspects of these drugs that classify then as hallucinogens. They all have common side effects, including distortion of sensory perception, and other psychic and somatic effects. These drugs also exhibit cross-tolerance. This means that a user of hallucinogenic drugs develops a higher tolerance to hallucinogens, the more they are used and the shorter the time span is between the last usage. Hallucinogenic drugs have been used throughout history for a number of reasons. They have been used as medicinal agents as well as having served religious purposes. Hallucinogens such as mescaline have been used in Native American ritual ceremonies. There was extensive usage of hallucinogens in the 60's and 70's as part of the counter- culture hippie movement. During the "acid tests" of this era, hallucinogenic drugs were used for mind exploration (B.L. Jacobs, "How Hallucinogenic Drugs Work"). Hallucinogenic drugs cause both physical and psychological effects on humans. The physical effects of these drugs include: dilated pupils, elevated body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, appetite loss, sleeplessness, tremors, headaches, nausea, sweating, heart palpitations, blurring of vision, memory loss, trembling, and itching. A user of hallucinogenic drugs will also experience a number of psychological alterations in the brain. These drugs may cause hallucinations and illusions as well, as the amplification of sense, and the alterations of thinking and self-awareness. It is quite possible to have a bad reaction to hallucinogenic drugs. This is referred to as a "bad trip" and may cause panic, confusion, suspicion, anxiety, and loss of control. The long-term effects of these drugs can be quite dangerous. These long-term effects may include: flashbacks, mood swings, impaired thinking, unexpected outbursts of violence and eventually possibly depression that may le ad to death or suicide. Quite a lot of interest concerning hallucinogens has been generated by neurobiologists and other scientists. The effects that hallucinogenic drugs have on the brain are quite complicated and very interesting. Many users of hallucinogenic drugs have experienced whole personality changes which raises questions about the relationship between brain and behavior. Scientists are also curious as to how total alterations of the senses can occur as the result of hallucinogen usage.

Literature Review of Cultural Leadership Essay

Cultural leadership is a diverse subject to touch upon. This aspect of leadership is constantly growing and changing. People should not look into cultural leadership with biased opinions. Dividing cultural leadership into sub groups just gives people an opinion on how to look at people differently. Cultural leadership should be looked at as a whole, as we are one, working together, with the same goal – to be successful. Cultural leadership profiles are used to classify what followers expect from leaders in ten cultures – cluster groups comprising of sixty-two countries. Six different leadership behavior classifications are used to show what profile is dominant in varying strengths in each region. A successful leader involves more than just planning, coordinate, managing and supervising. A successful leader also has the ability to deal with all genres of people. Whether in involves ethnicity, sexual orientation or people with different cultures. The success of an organization is highly impacted by its culture, which is part of a strategic planning of an organization. What is culture? Culture is defined as the universally shared beliefs, values, and norms of a group of people. Two factors that can hinder cultural awareness are ethnocentrism and prejudice. It is challenging for leaders because it averts them from fully understanding the world of others. Prejudice has a negative impression because it is self-orientated and restrains leaders from seeing the many sides and qualities of others. Whatever makes them unique is their culture. Having a clear understanding of one’s culture, communicating with each other will be much more efficient. Culture has been the attention of many findings across a variety of principles. In the past 30 years a significant number of studies have focused on specifically on ways to recognize and categorize the various dimensions of culture. Determining the rudimentary dimensions or charismas of different cultures is the first step in being able to recognize the relationships between them. Ever since World War II, globalization has been progressing throughout the world. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. People are becoming more interconnected. There is an increasingly significant amount of international trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems. In the past ten years, our schools, organizations, and communities have become a lot more global. Increased globalization has created many challenges as well, for example the need to design effective multinational organizations, to identify and select appropriate leaders, and to manage organizations with culturally distinctly different employees. Globalization has also fashioned a need to understand how cultural differences affect the leadership performances. Globalization also created the requirement for leaders to become knowledgeable in cross-cultural awareness and practice. First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural settings worldwide. Second, they should learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of multiple cultures. Third, they basically need to be able to work concurrently with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to familiarize to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to acquire to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equivalence rather than cultural supremacy. Anthropologists, sociologists, and many others have questioned the meaning of the word culture. Because it is a theoretical term, it is hard to define, and many different people often define it in unrelated ways. Here, culture is defined as the learned beliefs, values, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them matchless. In summary, culture is the way of life, different customs, and script of a group of peoples. Related to culture, are the expressions of multicultural and diversity. Multicultural indicates an approach or classification that takes more than one culture into interpretation. It mentions to the existence of multiple cultures such an African, American, Asian, European, and Middle Eastern. Multicultural can also denote to a set of subcultures defined by race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or age. Diversity signifies to the subsistence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or organization. Ethnocentrism is the inclination for beings to place their own group (ethnic, racial, cultural) at the center of their interpretations of others and the world. People tend to give importance and value to their own beliefs, attitudes, and values, over and above other groups. Ethnocentrism is the sensitivity that one’s own culture is better or more expected than the culture of others. Ethnocentrism is a worldwide tendency, and each and every one of us is ethnocentric to some degree. Ethnocentrism can be a major impediment to effective leadership because it averts people from fully understanding and/or respecting the perspectives of others. The more ethnocentric we are, the less open or accepting we are of other people’s cultural customs and practices. Prejudice is a general continual attitude, belief, or emotion believed by an individual about another individual or group that is based on defective or unproven statistics. It refers to assumptions about others based on previous decisions or occurrences. Prejudice involves obstinate generalizations that are impervious or change or evidence to the opposing. Prejudice is often thought in the framework of race. In addition to combating their own prejudice, leaders also face the experiment of dealing with the prejudice of followers. These prejudices can be toward the manager or the leader’s culture. Additionally, it is not infrequent for the leader to face followers who symbolize several culturally different groups, and these groups have their own prejudgments toward each other. A experienced leader needs to find ways to negotiate with followers from numerous cultural backgrounds. Training programs about culture and diversity have been admired for many years. At the center of these programs, people are educated about the degrees and characteristics of different cultures, and how to be perceptive to people in other countries and cultures. Considerate about issues about culture is useful in several ways. The discoveries about culture can help leaders recognize their own cultural biases and inclinations. Tolerant of their own preferences is the first step in accepting that people in other cultures might have different predilections Additionally, the findings help leaders to apprehend what it means to be a noble leader. Different cultures have different ideas about what they desire from their leaders. These verdicts help our leaders adapt their style to be more operative in different cultural settings. Third, the findings help leaders correspond more effectively across cultural and geographic boundaries. By considering cultural differences, leaders can become more empathic and precise in their communication with others. Information on culture and leadership has also been applied in very concrete ways. It has been used to construct culturally perceptive Web sites, design new employee orientation programs, organizing programs in relocation training, advance global team effectiveness, and expedite multinational merger implementation. These illustrations clearly specify the wide range of applications for research on culture and leadership in the workplace. GLOBE researchers allocated the data from the 62 countries they studied into regional masses. These masses provided a expedient way to investigate the similarities and differences between cultural groups, and to make significant generalizations about culture and leadership. In sum, these regional masses exemplified a valid and dependable way to differentiate countries of the world into 10 distinct groups. The GLOBE studies compromise the greatest body of findings to date on culture and leadership. GLOBE researchers studied how 17,000 managers from 62 different countries perceived leadership. They evaluated the similarities and differences between regional clusters of cultural groups by grouping countries into 10 distinct clusters; the outcome was a list of leadership attributes that were universally recognized as positive and negative. The representation of an ineffective leader is someone who is asocial, malicious, self-focused, and autocratic. The conceptualization of leadership used by GLOBE researchers was consequential in part from the work of Lord and Maher on implicit leadership theory. Concurring to implicit leadership theory, individuals have implicit beliefs and opinions about the qualities and theories that differentiate leaders from non-leaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. â€Å"Leadership is in the eye of the beholder.† Leadership refers to what people see in others when they are demonstrating leadership behaviors. To depict how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, GLOBE researchers identified six global leadership behaviors: * Charismatic/Value-Based Leadership: Reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held core values. This kind of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, trustworthy, decisive, and performance oriented. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Team-Orientated Leadership: Emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, non-malevolent, and administratively competent. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Participative Leadership: Reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and non-autocratic. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Humane-Oriented Leadership: Emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes modesty and sensitivity to other people. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Autonomous Leadership: Refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Self-Protective Leadership: Reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducing, face saving, and procedural. (Peter Northouse 2012). Cultural Leadership in organizations always seems to miss the discussion of how leadership keeps culture in organizations stable. Charisma is where it all begins. Therefore having multiple cultural leaders helps to resolve this issue. Most leaders do and say different things, but in the end, everyone just wants success. Whether that success is culture, coordination, or a profitable business, or all of those things, many people learn to cope with differences by experience. Experience is the best form of knowing, therefore, to be a great leader; you have to start somewhere. The leader, the followers, and the situation, all have to do with leadership. As well as playing a significant role in cultural leadership. Or any type of leadership for that matter. Personal qualities, perceived situation, vision and mission, followers’ and attributes, leader behaviors, performance, administrative actions, use of cultural forms, and the use of tradition all are key elements to a successful leader, their followers, the business, and the outcome of the business, organization, company. Multicultural is increasing all over the world. Even though America is known as the melting pot, everywhere across the world have cultural behaviors within their organization. Ethics affects leadership, as well as tradition. But studies complied on cross-cultural leadership have been attained, and this helps us to understand the differences between different cultures from our own. Decaregorization is a cultural leadership style for employees to become more aquinted with one another. This style helps companies get to know onw another and interact in a positive manner doing something else besides work. The leader would old a funraiser, etc. Therefore, rather than group-based interactions, this approach will focus on individuality. The following quotes are crucial to cultural leadership, and accepting differences among others. â€Å"Moral excellence comes about as a result of habit. We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts.† – Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (350 BCE). â€Å"Lead them with culture and regulate them by the rules of propriety, and they will have a sense of shame and, moreover, set themselves right.† – Confucius (5110479 BCE). The results of ethical leadership came up with six main themes from the responses of all six societies. Accountability, consideration and respect for others, fairness and non-discriminatory treatment, character, collective orientation – organization and social, openness and flexibility. Each society is unique, and to understand the differences, you must experience it firsthand. Reading and learning will only give your insight. Aforementioned cultural leadership must be learned in person, by the leader and its followers, for they are working towards a common goal. Leadership profiles are used to describe how cultures view leadership behaviors. There are six leadership behaviors identified by Globe researchers, they are: charismatic/value based, team-oriented, participative, humane- oriented, autonomous, and self-protective.( House & Javidan, 2004) Charismatic/value based leadership is being visionary, inspirational, with the ability to motivate high performance from others based on strongly held core values. Team-oriented leadership is instilling a common purpose among team members to encourage a team effort by being collaborative, diplomatic, and administrative competent. Participative leadership involves making others in the decision making process and includes being non-autocratic and participative. Autonomous leadership is being unique, independent, and a individualistic leader. Humane-oriented leadership is being modest and sensitive to other people, being supportive, compassionate, and generous. Self-protective is self-centered, face saving, status conscious, ensuring the safety and security of the leader and group. There are ten distinct groups to differentiate countries of the world into regional clusters ( e. g. Ronen & Shenkar, 1985) Middle East, made up of Qatar, Morocco, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. Nordic Europe which includes Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Latin Europe comprising Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and Switzerland. Latin America made up of Ecuador, El Salvador, Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Mexico. Southern Asia which includes The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Iran. Sub-Saharan Africa consisting of Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Nigeria, and South Africa. ( Black caucus) Anglo consists of Canada, the United States, Australia, Ireland, England, South Africa( white caucus) and New Zealand. Confucian Asia includes Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, South Korea, and Japan. Eastern Europe is Greece, Hungary, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Russia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Germanic Europe includes Austria, The Ne therlands, Sweden, and Germany. Middle Eastern culture and leadership perceived to be effective in this region of the world are the interrelationships among societal culture, organizational culture and leadership methodologies. Data collected from four Middle Eastern nations (Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar) provide an insight into the framework of societal and organizational values and management practices in Arab countries. The great majority of the population in Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar are muslins. Turkey has a formal state ideology; the state is independent of religious rules and is run by secular rules mostly adapted from the west. Iran, Kuwait, and Qatar are not secular, but religious laws dominate. Also differences in the Islamic sects, Iran being predominately â€Å"shiite†, Kuwait, Turkey, Qatar people largely â€Å"sunni†. Language may account for part of the differences in Middle East region, while Islamic religion seems to be a common attribute. In making plans and forecasts all four nations are below average and very close to each other, which involves the concept of fate embodied in Islamic beliefs. Effective leadership attributes in Middle Eastern societies have universalistic characteristics and some culture-specific attributes with participation having a different meaning compared to western societies, being centered on satisfaction of egos rather than to improve quality of a decision. Organizational leaders tend to be more sensitive to local cultures and traditions and more future-orientated practices, plus promote change.( Introduction to the special issues on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East, Hayat Kabasakal and Ali Dastmalchian) Face saving and status are important characteristics of effective leadership, and deemphasizes charismatic/value based and team- oriented leadership. Looking after one’s job and security is of the upmost priority for most leaders in this group category. Diversity of management systems exist across contemporary Europe, and societal culture diversity remains unquestionable and frequently preserved as much as possible. The formation of the European Union has opened up all borders, increasing diversity if cultures, all intermingling, changing cultural clustering, and cultural divide between eastern and western Europe. Prior studies of cultural distinctions, cross-cultural studies between east-west and north-south European distinctions are changing from prior data and may need further studies. Managers in Germanic countries make more participative decision-making behavior, central Europe makes more autocratic decisions. West European (Nordic, Anglo, Latin) empathize more â€Å"Equality â€Å"or egalitarian commitment. East and near East countries lean more toward hierarchy or conservatism. North Europe has shown to favor equality and participation, while managers from Southern Europe prefer more hierarchy. A coaching leader is preferred in North Europe, while preference is for a directing leader in South Europe. While self centered and malevolence are seen as impeding leadership in all clusters. Eastern Europe leader would be independent while maintaining strong interest in protecting their position as leader. Nordic Europe want leaders who are inspiring and involve others in decision making, not concerned with status and other self-centered attributes. Anglo Europe want leader to be exceedingly motivating and visionary, considerate of others, team orientated and autonom ous and not autocratic. Latin America leader is charismatic/value based but somewhat self serving, collaborative and inspiring. Confucian Asia leader works and cares about others but uses status and position to make independent decisions without input of others. Sub-Saharan Africa sees effective leadership as caring, should be inspirational, collaborative, and not excessively self centered. A portrait of a leader who is high in integrity, is charismatic/value based, and has interpersonal skills is one whom almost everyone would see as exceptional. (Dorman et al. 2004) After major corporate failures and financial failures of banks and other high impact institutions, being honest and trustworthy could be a high priority for leadership positions in all culture groups. Other personal traits or learned skills would be useful and desirable attributes but lower on the priority scale. Being positive and intelligent definitely would be useful as a leader of any type of venture or business. There are a lot of other positive attributes that would be desirable for leadership; among them is one that plans ahead, having foresight to accurately see what is coming up in near and long range time predictions. Being a team builder, instilling confidence in others encouraging them with a just and dependable example. Personal traits such as being administrative skilled, decisive, and motivating people to be excellence oriented would be very beneficial to any leader and followers. Leaders should be aware and knowledgeable of the many undesirable attributes that can be obstacles in being an effective leader. Being a loner and anti-social would be very negative in showing followers your concern for them and gaining their confidence. The most visible and destructive undesirable attribute in recent events is that of being ruthless, as you would think of people in financial leadership of banks and wall street that caused the massive collapse of the world economies. Being dictatorial and egocentric is very bad for keeping a positive relationship with followers. Personal traits like being irritable and non-cooperative would be hard to understand by followers. There are many strengths associated with classifications of culture groups into clusters that can be easily be utilized for leadership profiles so as to provide a data base of reference for managers of international corporations. Providing valuable asset for training more efficient leaders is one of the strength, it also provides a good understanding of how different cultures have an impact upon leading a workforce into better cohesion and productive atmosphere in the workplace. What followers expect from leaders is a signal to upper management as to what type of person would be more effective with a certain culture group. A second strength could be that this provides useful information/guidelines about what is accepted as good and bad leadership, a yardstick for managers/leaders to measure how do I measure up? Leadership and culture are two separate studies, but inseparable in effective leadership programs. There are some criticisms on culture and leadership classification studies in that a lot of findings about perceptions of leadership in different cultures do not provide a clear set of assumptions and propositions that can be used to provide a single theory about the way culture influences the leadership process. Another one would be in that some of the terms used are hard to understand without any education about the diversity of world culture. The meanings of some terms are very vague. The conceptualizations in these studies of culture and leadership integration has had varying reception from people on that it being a process of being perceived by others as being a leader. Also the way a provocative list of universally endorsed desirable and undesirable leadership attributes are presented. Different cultures have different ideas about what they want from their leaders. Understanding the diversity of cultures in the workplace today can be very positive for leaders and followers in their pursuits. While there are many studies on culture leadership and the GLOBE Study, there is also a model that helps leaders in achieving effective cultural leadership. In that it helps them understand the difference that exits among national cultures. The model was developed by Geert Hotstede. In his research he outlines the variation of national culture into five dimensions. They are as follow: individualistic/collectivistic, high power distance/low power distance; high and low uncertainty avoidance, achievement/nurturing; and long-term/short-term orientation. Familiarity with the GLOBE Study and the Hofstede model, leadership culture is made easy and will increase organizational effectiveness. This will also create better relationship among nations. This will benefit the common good of all through respect and better communication. Individualistic people; according to Hofsede, worry about themselves and that of those who are close to them or who are like them. They tend not to trust outsiders. In contrast, collectivistic work in groups, much like team players. The second dimension of Hofsede’s study is power distance. Some cultures have accepted high power distance and others low power distance. High power distance cultures display great respect for those in authority or power holders. This model is seen based on the difference between leaders and their followers. It is obvious in pay scale, benefits and promotions. Though lower power distance: power is distributed more equally among group members; there is much lateral communication line between subordinates and leaders. Third dimension is high uncertainty avoidance. This dimension is concerned with the impact of societal norms, ritual and what is being done in avoiding uncertainty. Organizations want to be able to predict the future based the rules of cultures are used. They live under constant stress because of fear of the future. In contrast; low uncertainty avoidance is comfortable with risks, they do not impose or create friction over differences in behaviors and or others opinions. Those cultures in the low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more tolerant of others. The next dimension is achievement; those belonging to this group tend to be more aggressive. They are assertive, they are confrontational, there is a lot of greed for money and they lack humility. They encourage competitiveness among them and others. Whereas the opposite of that is nurturing, they value relationship and are genuinely concern about the wellbeing of others. The last set of dimension of natural culture is long-term orientation. They are optimistic of the future and they are persistent. Though short-term orientation, they stay in the past, they place high importance on values of the past. In addition to the Five Dimensions of National Culture as described by Hofsete, there is for additional dimensions that affect cultural leadership. They are as follows, and I quote as listed in Northouse (2010): * Institutional Collectivism: An organization or sociality encourages institutional or societal collective action. (Peter Northouse 2012). * In-Group Collectivism: People express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. In-group collectivism is concerned with the extent to which people are devoted to their organizations or families. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Gender Egalitarianism: An organization or society minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Assertiveness: People in a culture are determined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their special relationships. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Future Orientation: People engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Performance Orientation: An organization or society encourages and rewards group members for improved performance and excellence. (Peter Northouse 2012). * Humane Orientation: A culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. (Peter Northouse 2012). Through all of the studies it has been concluded that there is exact correlation between the culture of an organization and its effectiveness. And it also shows that a lot of those dimensions have a negative impact on the organization. In conclusion, cultural leadership is one of the major principles every organization, company, person needs to fully grasp. For decades, many researchers have been prophesying that globalization, increased technology, civil rights legislation, and changing demographics will generate new encounters for leaders who administer a diverse organization. All of these elements place a considerably improved probability that workers from both genders, diverse nationalities, ethnic backgrounds, numerous races, and a mixture of religious will be essential to work jointly. This in sum, employees must work together to create a positive environment. This is what naturally will happen, and this is an international effort. References Leadership Theory and Practice Fifth Edition Peter G. Northouse Introduction to the Special Issue on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East(2001) Hayat Kabasakal Ali Dastmalchian Cultural Variations Across European Countries(2000) Felix C. Brodbeck Michael Frese THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENCES (http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a2b5ee8b-a9d2-4bae-a8ed-16919582d9c5%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=14) Chrobot-Mason, Donna, Ruderman, Marian N. Weber, Todd J, Oholott, Patricia J, Dalton, Maxine A. (Nov 2007) Illuminating a Cross-Cultural Leadership Challenge: When Identify Groups Collide. Volume 18 (11) 2011 (26). Retrieved From http://discover.linccweb.org/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do