Shakespeares Hamlet - Between Pagan and Christian Essay -- GCSE Engl

Hamlet: Between Pagan and Christian Hamlet explores the borders between madness and sanity. It is also located, like King Lear, in a frontier area between a pagan revenge ethic and Christian compassion, and between a ruthless, power-hungry adult world and a younger generation with gentler and more conciliatory aspirations. Hamlet's father, who now torments him, was himself a sinner, otherwise he would not have to return to earth as a ghost, demanding revenge. Hamlet is well aware of his father's crimes (III.3.81). Inviting his son to avenge his death is tantamount to turning the clock back, thereby perpetuating a pagan code of honour that seems outdated in Hamlet's own time. For - in contrast to Lear - Hamlet is a Christian of sorts, a fact that hampers rather than helps him in his mission. His Christianity is one of several reasons why he hesitates to carry out the ghost's instructions - and why, in the most famous of his seven soliloquies, he refrains from turning his weapon on himself. He worries that the spirit he has seen may be a devil. Obviously Christian in its origin is...

Effects of Violent TV Programming on Adolescent Behavior Essay

Violent behavior is a central theme in many kinds of media. Television and movies depict violent behaviors as acceptable ways of communicating and resolving problematic social situations (Strasburger & Donnerstein, 1999). During the twentieth century, Americans were introduced to a wide variety of media technology, including televisions, digital computers, video cassette players and handheld electronic machines (Anderson & Bushman, 2001). Although television is but one of the many media venues, it represents the predominant medium to which very young children are exposed. The 1972 report to the Surgeon General found that 96% of American homes have one or more television sets and the average home set is on more than six hours a day and frequent viewing usually begins at about age 3 and remains relatively high until about age 12 (1972, pp. 1-2). Kaiser’s study (1999) found that children spend up to 40 hours per week in front of the television. For children under the age of 7, Wright et al. (1994) found that media exposure averaged just over four hours per day. Other studies have concurred that the television has become a predominant medium of experience for the child. In a 1990 position paper, the NAEYC stated that the trend toward increased depiction of violence in the media jeopardizes the healthy development of significant numbers of our nation’s children (1990, p. 18). The viewing experience is highly complex, subjective, and dependent upon the child’s level of cognitive and emotional understanding (Wright et al. , 1994). Social scientists and policy makers have expressed concern about the potential negative impact of exposure of violence on children (Bushman & Geen, 1990). They have explored the negative impact longitudinally, both experimentally and observationally, and found that children as young as 2 and into adolescence are adversely affected by televised violence. Studies demonstrated that after viewing violent programs, the child behaved aggressively and imitated the scenes of the violent behavior in his play (Anderson & Bushman 2001). This paper explores the current state of research in this area and seeks for the relationship between television watching and childhood violence. Television and Violence The most recent large-scale longitudinal study was initiated in 1994 by researchers at the Universities of California, Texas, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. The National Television Violence Study (NTVS) was deemed the largest scientific study of television violence ever undertaken (Federman, 1998). NTVS involved a three-year effort (1994-1997) to review violence in televised programming. It examined three areas of concern: televised programming context, factors that either positively or negatively alter the risk of viewing violence, and the interactions between programming and the viewers. In this study, nearly 10,000 hours of televised cross-channel programming were examined using five major groupings: broadcast networks, independent broadcast, public broadcast, basic cable, and premium cable. The authors found that 61% of programs contain violence. By the third year of the study, there was more violent interaction observed across the programs analyzed. Specific to the younger child, the study found that children’s programs, as a genre, contained the greatest share (50%) of all high-risk violent interactions, as well as the highest ratio of interactions per hour (. 75) (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 175). Child-oriented cable programs such as those on Cartoon Network, Disney, or Nickelodeon contained the most high risk violent interactions (27%), compared to general-entertainment basic cable (24%), independent broadcast (19%), and premium cable (17%) (Federman, 1998). Early morning viewing, which is primarily child-focused cartoon programming, has at least one high-risk violent presentation every hour. In one week, a child is exposed to at least 20 violent behavior depictions, and in one year over 1,000, if he watches three hours of early morning television a day (Federman, 1997-1998). The authors also found that over the course of three years there was little change in the overall number of violent programs. However, there was a significant increase (8%) in the portrayals of violent incidents per program and children’s programs continued to depict violence in animated stories (Federman, Vol. 2, 1998). In many of these violent interactions, the main character did not experience any appropriate consequences for aggressive behavior. One of the goals of the NTVS was to encourage more responsible television programming and viewing. The study emphasized the message that understanding the impact of viewed televised violence offers an opportunity to significantly reduce the risks to society that are posed by exposure to televised violence. Young Child’s Experience of Violence The American media is rife with portrayals of justified violence (Federman, 1997-1998). The good guy beats up the bad guy, and laughter or expressions of glee follow hurtful acts. This conveys the message that aggression is an acceptable way to solve problems and express frustration. Children of all ages watch television and videos on a daily basis and are exposed to acts of violence that potentially shape their way of thinking and behaving (Minow & Lamay, 1995, p. 36) Cartoons feature patterns that are more likely to encourage aggression in children, especially if they are under the age of seven (Boyatzis et al. , 1987). Aggressive behaviors, often portrayed in the genre of animation aimed at children, are confusing for the young child. The stories presented as humorous, with laughter accompanying actions that are hostile and aggressive. This may lead to a decrease in his potential fear of danger and may also foster desensitization to harmful situations (Federman, 1997-1998). Significant results revealed that televised violence is changing the behavior of children (Federman, 1997-1998). Individuals of all ages learn through observation. Three important factors affect the impact of learning through modeling. First, the more engaging and attractive the model is, the more the viewer will stay attentive; the less appealing the character is, the more likely the viewer will be distracted or ignore the experience. The second compelling factor is the repeated exposure of the modeling stimuli. As a result of repeated exposure, modeling stimuli eventually produces enduring, retrievable images (Bandura, 1977, p. 25). The third factor, the complexity of the observed experience, affects the rate of observational learning. It is based on the observer’s capacity to process information. However, the young child may imitate without knowing what his behavior means. Bandura suggests that immediate imitation does not require much in the way of cognitive functioning because the behavioral reproduction is externally guided by the model’s action (Bandura, 1977, p. 27). Bandura’s research throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the inflatable Bobo doll demonstrated a relationship between viewing aggressive acts of behavior and performing them. He found that children would more often choose the Bobo doll to punch after viewing a televised violent program than reading a book or choosing a quiet game. Although Bandura’s work on modeling has been challenged over the years, there has been strong support. Later researchers have expanded Bandura’s initial studies, finding that the younger the child is, the more likely he will use imitation rather than rational thinking to choose an appropriate, non-violent way of relating. Eron et al. (1972) reported a strong relationship between viewed violence at age 8 and aggressive behavior. Canton and Sparks (1984) found that preschool children have a greater fear response than older children and react accordingly to what they see. Singer et al. (1999) concluded that there was a significant association linking violent exposure with children’s self-reported violent behaviors. Boyatzis et al. ‘s 1995 study of 52 elementary school children with a mean age 7 years, 9 months, showed how children reacted to watching an episode of The Power Rangers. They found that the child’s aggressive tendency and lack of fear was immediate and markedly greater following an exposure to but a single episode of The Power Rangers. (Boyatzis et al. , 1995, p. 53). Animated programming such as The Power Rangers, Ninja Turtles characterizes the hero as attractive, strong, and powerful. These characters use violence to solve problematic situations and rescue the helpless victim. The NTVS found that a preschooler who watches an average of 2 hours a day of such content will 43 be exposed to at least 10 hazardous portrayals a week, and over 500 in a year (Federman, Vol. 3, 1998, p. 163). Other studies have documented the relationship between exposure to violence and aggressive thought and action. For example, Josephson (1987) presented two television excerpts, one violent and one non-violent, to 396 third-grade boys from 13 schools. She hypothesized that there was a relationship between viewed violence and aggressive play behavior. Significance was found in increased aggressive behavior in boys who played a game of hockey after watching a violent program. Boys who scored high on characteristic levels of aggressiveness used more aggressive behaviors in their hockey game if they were in the groups that viewed violence. Furthermore, she found that the boys who watched the violent tape and were not given verbal cues about appropriateness of the behavior played more aggressively after the tape than either the boys who watched a non-violent tape, or boys who watched a violent tape but were given verbal cues that commented on appropriateness of behavior(Josephson, 1987). Children are being presented with messages that invite aggressive ways of relating to resolve situations and handle life events (Groves 2002). Current televised shows use cartoons, as well as live actors, to display forms of aggression as a means of relating to others and solving problems. A significant shift in televised programming, though, has occurred with the portrayal of aggressive behavior through more real life characterization, as illustrated in shows like The Power Rangers. The visual experience of aggressive behavior has become more like real life to the child because instead of viewing animated characters using aggressive behavior, the child can now watch individuals similar to himself transmogrify into violent machines (Boyatzis et al. , 1995). In this mechanical state, the portrayed behavior is violent and aggressive with the child’s intention of solving a problem. Witnessing these aggressive acts of behavior gives the child a script to construct his social interactions. Since young children create and store behavior that they see, viewing violence becomes a potential way of relating to an experience. Whether the televised programming is in the form of cartoons or real life, social scripts are constructed by the child and are then employed in day-to-day experiences (Groves 2002). Mitigating the Influence of Violent Television Even though there have been numerous studies documenting the impact of televised violence on the behavior of children, the television industry has been reluctant to change violent programming (Singer et al. , 1999). As a result, recent research has focused on how to mitigate the experience of what the child sees rather than waiting for the industry to change what is presented to the public. The child uses internal processes, relying on cognitive and emotional capacities, to actively understand what has been experienced. In his efforts to understand these experiences, the child will find a way to concretize the experience into either emotional or behavioral responses. Younger children need the assistance of another to understand what they experience because they are unable to adjust their viewing and comprehension activities in response to learning instructions (Field & Anderson, 1985, p. 91). Collins, Sobol, and Westby (1981) studied 47 children with a mean age of 7. 8 years. Children who watched a program in the presence of an adult who provided ongoing commentary showed improved comprehension of the plot and the witnessed experiences. Without adult participation, the younger children remembered only the aggressive behaviors without remembering the link to either the motive or the consequence. Huesmann et al. (1983) sampled 169 first- and third-grade children over a two-year period. The focus of the study was to mitigate the relation between aggression and television violence viewing in children through an intervention that altered the children’s attitudes about aggression and violent shows (Huesmann et al. , 1983, p. 899). They found a significant change in how the child responded to violence when the experimenter commented on the violent behavior. More children responded with appropriate answers when they were directly asked, â€Å"what are the bad things that could happen when a child imitates the aggressive behavior of a character? † St. Peters et al. (1991) found that the role of co-viewing by the parent with the child is beneficial. This study was conducted over a two-year period and involved the participation of 271 children, ages 3 to 5 years, and their parents. Parental comments about the televised material helped the children understand what they saw. The parents’ comments differentiated acceptable and non-acceptable behavior for the child. Young children need this clarification and guidance because they have relatively few internal structures to guide them in their behavior (St. Peters et al. , 1991). Kubey (1996) noted that network and cable programming are unsuitable for some children, especially the young child. No amount of adult commenting will completely mitigate what a child experiences. Monitoring and limiting a child’s choice of television shows to reduce the exposure to violent behaviors is similar to monitoring a child’s choice of foods to ensure health and nutrition. Children are victims to the effects of exposure to violence. Parents are critically important as a resource for the child in his attempt to understand the world. Grover (2002) noted that the child who has been exposed to violence responds more favorably to a nurturing, sensitive and caring adult relationship. The more parents know about their child’s changing capacities to understand the world, the better able they are to respond empathically and appropriately to the child (Garbarino, 1992). However, it is essential, as a parent is a primary resource to buffer, explain and clarify life experiences for the child that are beyond the child’s capacity to understand ((Minow & Lamay, 1995). The study by Singer et al. (1980) found that parents influenced their children’s perceptions of the importance of television by the type and amount of television viewing they had. Collins et al. (1981) found that parental commentary helped children understand the implicit program content. The longitudinal study by St. Peters et al. (1991) of 3- and 5-year-olds and their families’ viewing patterns found that parents’ viewing choices play a role in determining a child’s exposure to television programs. Conclusion Young children often copy the violent actions that they have witnessed. Bandura’s work on modeling in the field of social learning has been significant in conceptualizing the relationship between viewing violence and subsequent behaviors. The solution for ameliorating the impact of televised violence focuses on change in parental attitudes as well as profound changes in the entertainment industry. Changing parental attitudes and behavior toward media violence is more feasible than changing the way the entertainment industry portrays violence. Educating parents about the child’s cognitive and emotional developmental capacities has been recommended widely as one solution to lessen the potential impact of media violence. References Anderson, C, & Bushman, B. (2001). Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. American Psychological Society, 12, pp. 353-359. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Boyatzis, C. J. , Matillo, G. M. , & Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of â€Å"The Mighty Morphin Power Rangers† on children’s aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25(1), pp. 45-55.

Instruction Is The Vehicle Of Curriculum Essay - 1583 Words

Instruction is the vehicle. Curriculum is the material used to convey the information. Currently, the topic of curriculum is a heated discussion across my district, one in which the district leadership and teachers’ union are grappling to find compromise. For the past 11 years, I have been working within San Jose Unified School District as a middle school math teacher. Throughout this time I have seen many, many changes in leadership and curriculum. This year in particular, many of the leadership positions at the district office have changed hands; new Superintendent, Assistant Superintendent, Director and Assistant Directors of Curriculum as well as a new Director of HR. At my school site our current AP of Instruction is a former classroom teacher, from our site, who is also in his first year as an administrator. In addition to the new management this year, San Jose Unified adopted highly controversial new curriculum for both ELA and Math. Due to the current volatile situation around curriculum and its implementation paired with my own role in the district and teachers’ union, I chose to interview my school’s principle, Paul Slayton, rather than someone in charge of curriculum policies at the district office. Mr. Slayton has been our school site principle for 3 years and was also the AP of Discipline for 3 years prior. Mr. Slayton is a great resource for providing a history of our district’s policies and procedures around curriculum adoption and implementation. San JoseShow MoreRelatedPolice Officer Training Curriculum Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesOFFICER TRAINING CURRICULUM The curriculum that is devised for a police officer is very important to the police officer and his or her success in their chosen career path. An officers training is also very important to the community in which they serve and the department in which they work. 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Addicted The High Cost of Cigarette Smoking - 796 Words

An addiction is the state of being enslaved to a habit, practice, or something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming. There are many forms of addictions but the most common addiction is smoking. According to the American Cancer Society, on average about 45 million Americans currently smoke cigarettes. About twenty three percent are male adults and eighteen percent are female adults. Many smokers do not realize the serious effects of smoking until it is too late. It wasn’t known until the past twenty or thirty years what the harmful effects of smoking were. Many people who smoke started because of peer pressure, the desire to be labeled as â€Å"cool†, or just did not have the resources to understand the risks. Whatever the reason†¦show more content†¦When a person becomes a smoker in their early teens they are at a greater risk of dying prematurely from heart disease, lung cancer, and emphysema. Some other researched effects include accelerated o steoporosis, earlier menopause, and impaired reproductive capacity mostly seen in adults. Women who are pregnant should not smoke due to the fact that it can damage a baby’s brain development and growth. It could also result in a decreased ability to enjoy physical abilities because of the ailment or side effects like breathing problems. It also reduces life expectancy. The smoker may lose 10-15 years of his or her life as a consequence. Even though there are many physical effects, some of the reasons why smoking is so addicting are psychological. Healthy Living believes that this is the main reason people have been unsuccessful at quitting smoking. When people try to quit they go through withdrawal which will go away after a short time or can linger for a long period of time. Once a smoker can conquer the mental, the physical is easy. It has been told that second hand smoke is more dangerous than actually inhaling the tobacco. 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Theme Of Evil In Beowulf - 996 Words

Beowulf versus Evil Heroes can be in our everyday life or someone you’ve seen only once but all of our heroes have something in common. Their heroic traits make up who they are and some character traits my heroes have in common are kindness, courage, intelligence, and empathy. Beowulf is also a hero in my eyes because he possesses all of these traits and more. What traits do your heroes have in common? Robert Nye’s long poem, Beowulf: a New Telling, is a fictional long poem about a hero, Beowulf, who constantly battles the face of evil in many forms. The theme of this text is about good vs. evil which shows up many times, one after another. To start, Beowulf as a young warrior portrayed many traits of a hero such as brave and fearless†¦show more content†¦Bravery is an important character trait for heroes in order to help them defeat other monsters/ evil and this is still the same for Beowulf as he defeats Grendel’s reincarnation. Therefore, when Beowulf was a young warrior, he had many character traits of a hero including being gallant, confident, and bold. Continuing on, Beowulf as an older king has traits different from Beowulf as a young warrior such as cunning and selfless which fuels my reason of why Beowulf is a dynamic character. For example, Beowulf is strategic as he devises a plan involving bees against the Firedrake and so Beowulf releases the Queen Bee just as, â€Å"The Firedrake took a deep breath and swallowed [it] (98-103). During this ordeal, Beowulf cunningly creates a plan to defeat the Firedrake by releasing the Queen Bee into the mouth in which the rest of the bees follow, stinging the Firedrake from the inside. The word clever means â€Å"able to use your intelligence to do something, especially in a slightly dishonest way† (Longman dictionary, 178). Beowulf is dynamic because whilst Beowulf was a young warrior, he would have never thought to attempt this. Beowulf needed this trait as an older king because he would have never been able to finish off the Firedrake if he wasn’t cunning. Additionally, B eowulf is caring as he says, â€Å"The Firedrake will pay for what it has done- not only with its life, but with the gold he keeps watch over†Show MoreRelatedTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the epic poem, Beowulf, perhaps the most important theme seen throughout is the portrayal of good and evil, and how this portrayal impacts the story. The epic poem is about an epic hero, Beowulf, who is completely thought of as a good character and a strong warrior. The unknown author of this poem makes Beowulf out to be, ultimately, a glorified killer of the perceived monsters. However, the poem in and of itself is an opinionated story which gives the bare amount of opposition to show that perhapsRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf859 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an epic Anglo-Saxon poem, which tells a story of a hero who is destined to defeat several monsters in order to save a kingdom from peril. The underlying meaning is good versus evil with go od always prevailing in the end. The theme of good versus evil was portrayed through the characters and events. Beowulf is the good guy fighting against evil. Beowulf is not just one person fighting against the evils of the world. In many cases, he is fighting for humanity’s sake. Beowulf is the epicRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf997 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an epic poem that was written in Old English in between the 8th and 11th century. King Hrothgar who rules the Danes, is being tormented by this beast called, Grendel. For some time now, Grendel has been attacking Heorot Hall, a mead-hall, and has been killing off many of the Danish soldiers and sometimes even devouring some. The king didn’t seem able to protect the people in his village from this great demon. Until, one day, Beowulf shows up and actually offers to help King Hrothgar byRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the epic poem Beowulf has no specified author or exact translations, the legendary story echoes through time as the fame of this hero continues to expand. Beowulf, the King of the Geats, is the protagonist in this epic; many describe him as the greatest man to have ever lived. Beowulf fits the architype for hero extremely well , possessing all the essential traits; he creates an aura as the ultimate source of good in this entire story. Of course, Beowulf is not alone, there are several otherRead MoreTheme Of Good And Evil In Beowulf1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthere was no evil. The start of evil was marked when a jealous angel, Satan, desired equality to God. He thrust an ever-lasting battle into play when he battled God for supremacy. One-third of all the angels in heaven, including Satan, were thrown from heaven onto Earth. God’s perfect creation became faulted when the fallen angel, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve into eating a forbidden fruit. By partaking of the forbidden fruit, sin was born on Earth. The birthing of such catastrophe--evil--has affectedRead MoreTheme Of Good Vs Evil In Beowulf753 Words   |  4 Pagespoem of Beowulf, the theme is good vs. evil. But in the movie Hollywood made, everything is different. Beowulf is not honest, women are sexually powerful, and the monsters are Hrothg ar and Beowulf’s sons, etc. They added many things that were definitely now in the poem. If you read the poem, then watching the movie you would be confused. You would be asking so many questions. But the current audience thinks good vs. evil is boring. Nobody likes a liar and the Hollywood version of Beowulf makes himRead MoreGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf807 Words   |  3 PagesGood vs. Evil Found in Beowulf In the story of Beowulf, there are many different themes found. Many people argue the main theme found in this story. This has been argued for a very long time and will go on for many more years to come. Although many themes in this story stick out and a main theme will never be accepted, one main theme is very noticeable in the story of Beowulf. The main theme found in Beowulf is good versus evil. Good versus evil is very easy to recognize. â€Å"Some peopleRead MoreBeowulf: Themes1038 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf: Themes The Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the most important work of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendent of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel s mother and a Dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon story teller uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Just a few of the important character elementsRead MorePaganism In Beowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesPaganism in Beowulf Beowulf was composed when England was transitioning from a pagan to a Christian culture. In chapter 3 of A Little History of Literature, it is said that Beowulf was likely written by a Christian monk who inserted Christian themes into the story. This is why Beowulf reflects both Christian and pagan views. These two religions and their elements affect the story in different ways. There are pagan views of fate and fame in Beowulf, but there are also Christian themes of humilityRead MoreGood vs. Evil in Beowulf1456 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil in Beowulf Beowulf is longest and greatest early Anglo-Saxon poem which was composed in England sometime in the eighth century AD by a literate scop. This poem was created in the oral poetic tradition. This poem is considered as an epic because it is a long narrative poem which composed in an elevated style, dealing with the glories of hero (Tolkien 24). The setting of this epic is the six century in Denmark and southern Sweden. The protagonist, Beowulf is a noble warrior represents

Business Research Report

Question: Prepare a research report of industry characteristics that will affect an organization entering in that industry. Answer: Introduction: To understand industry organization, an individual needs to know about the factors that regulate the economic structure of industrial environment. The characteristics of industrial organization can be determined from the effects that influence the economic and other factors of an industry when a disparate company launches product from their industry (Tedeschi2013). The industry should have growth prospects in order to attract small companies or B2B companies to engage into business deals with them. While many B2B company have their own industry, some of them perceives greater prospect in selling or launching their new product in other industry rather than their own industry (Hutt and Speh 2012). The industry which has higher economic value or possesses greater institutional capital stacked in economic market tends to tempt many prospective B2B companies in indulging in doing business with them. Industries like Microsoft and Google has supplied their ideas to other companies and indus tries as they saw that this will assist them to gain stature in global market. Size of the industry: Mitsubishi group is a cluster of companies that manufactures different automobile parts and engineering equipments. They are the autonomous bodies; associatively form an industry called Mitsubishi heavy industry. The industry hugely supplies machine tools, equipments, engines, automotive components to other industries. They are largely associated with B2B business with aerospace, defense, and ship building and energy industries. The size of the industry is huge as they have 300 companies all over the world. Recently they have been successful in doubling their market sales so that they can maintain their pace with the competitor company such as G. E Corporation and Siemens AG. They supply engineering equipments. It has become the largest manufacturing firm of Japan who both manufactures and supplies machineries. The industry also manufactures ships, automobiles and aircraft. Mostly they are associated with activities that are related to defense. Rovimatica is a Spanish technology company that has invented a new technology in the field of robotics and wants to show case their products and manufactured equipments on an influential company in order to gain fame in market. Mitsubishi has been dealing with Rovimatica for many years as they are online electronic equipment providers and their sale value is lower than other trading companies. The company is involved in manufacturing, building and designing electronic equipments. Mitsubishi is highly influential industry and lately, they have thought of launching a robot that can be placed in hospitals for 24 hours patient surveillance purpose. Rovimatica has their own ecommerce site and they sale their products. They are the B2B Company who has newly designed a robot and wants to sell it to Mitsubishi. Value factors of B2B environment: B2B introduces to the situation where a commercial undertaking takes place between two organizations (Lilien 2016). In this case Mitsubishi has taken up the liability to promote the Spanish robotics company commercially. Mitsubishi in this case will be buying the product which is manufactured equipment. This is a complex transaction that takes place between the buyers and sellers and buyers may extensively negotiate as they are in most cases more powerful than the sellers(Visweswara, Gohad and Rao 2012). Target marketing should also be searched in order to get a clear perspective about the consumers or the target customers. B2B is a very complex and extensive process when it comes to decision making. The company may hire a team in order to make feasible decision whether the product has the potentiality that the company can give it its name. Purchasing personnel is the official decision maker who makes decision about the transaction process. Technical team is hired in case of electronic products that will ensure the product has no technical defaults and contacts the suppliers giving them time to time information about their product(Hirvonen, Laukkanen and Salo 2016). It is the commercial transaction that defines the role of manufacturer and the wholesaler. In a B2B business the client is not a customer rather the business is the client itself. This draws the conclusion that as when a business is serving another business more attentions needs to be given. It is like nurturing a two way relationship. The client should be sincere about his product and should ensure that the buyer is satisfied with his product. Stereotyping is a common problem in B2B business if privacy is not adhered then the ethically it may confront undesirable outcome. Demand of the market is also important in B2B. Key players: Key players in this case are Mitsubishi and the client Spanish company Rovimatica. They are connected to each other because Rovimatica wants to sell their robotics product to Mitsubishi. Now a day, B2B markets solely depend on networking sites (Janita and Miranda 2013). The transaction procedure also takes place via internet. This can be very risky because there is always a chance of receiving faulty products. The cost of sales and purchase becomes low as the cost of transaction is lower. It is a techno product that is being discussed here so extensive confusion about its design and sustainability can bring uncertainty about the launch. It is a new product so the industry in concern here will go through the designs and go through the data to ensure about its sustainability. The article published by Jolibert et al. 2012, broadly discusses about the importance of the purchasing professionals holds a valuable position in business. Key Business consumers: The key business consumer in this case is Mitsubishi. The company is launching the product made by the other company that means the industry is supporting company commercially. The consumer here is not the customer it is the industry which will buy that product for selling purpose. Industry analysis is tool that determines the weakness and strengths of a company who is interested to enter a new industry(Grunig 2013). Mitsubishi saw that Rovimatica is a company that is trying to launch their product for the first time and has a name in the market as successful online trader. The company assessed that Mitsubishi is a big name and a new product launch under their label would mean greater profit. The competitive aspect of an industry is highly useful for measuring the sustainability rate of the industry. Mitsubishi is a big company and their background history foretells the success story about the goals that they have achieved. Undeniably they are the best that a company can get acclamation that is about to get launched. The key industrial characteristics that can be observed are as follows: Historical performance is a significant attribute which is assessed in case of industry. The industries that have strong past history can provide best opportunity for the new product launch. A flourishing industry like Mitsubishi will never face constriction in case of labor. They have enough supply of both technical and non technical labor. The geographical regulation of Mitsubishi is massive. They are famous all around the world. According to Michael Porter the potentiality of profit of an industry depends on five factors threat from the new entrants, rivalry that exists between the other existing competitors, bargaining power of the buyers and the bargaining power of the seller. The company who is trying to launch its new product will always search for economic stability which will not hinder the production process of the product. Due to low economy many potential product suffers rejection at the manufacture level. According to Biegl et al. 2014, cross functionality in case of marketing of robots and secondly the product should be able to diminish the semantic communication barrier between the user and the supplier. In the journal published by Foss and Knudsen 2013, Competency theories that can be implemented on firms are discussed. It is the theory that talks about the perspective of competence that an industry needs to use their capital strategically in order to achieve long term goals. Segmentation approaches: The article published by Kohlbacher and Rabe 2015, extensively discusses about the innovations and the future prospects in the field of Robotics. There are several ways a market can be segmented. The marketer needs to decide about how the segmentation can be done or the suitable strategy that will enhance the profitability of the product. The location of the consumer is important in determining the geographical segmentation of the market of the product. Demographic segmentation detects the age, social class, income class, family, race etc. Demographic variables are utilized in order to get a clear perspective about the preferences that the consumers have. Robots are something that is of high value and they are rarely used for private purpose. The journal published by Lotz et al. 2014, illuminates about the complexity of the technique and possibility of failure that looms on the mechanism of robots. Still robotics are widely accepted. They are mostly used in industrial purpose or mili tary purpose. Recently medicinal field has also shown interest in robotics(Vlter et al.2013). The high profile nursing homes are slowly replacing their facility with bots. That is why the target customers are those people or industries those who can afford such luxury. So the consumers should fulfill the demographic categorical aspects like thriving, expanding, rising and aspiring. Mitsubishi is an affluent industry that has the capacity to survive the demographic challenges and has the power to draw consumer from the expected sectors of community. Future growth potential of the industry: Mingling with high profile industry like Mitsubishi can draw attention towards the new company and its product. Industry is the key tool to develop the competitiveness to defend the other competitors of the market. The launch of a new product means facing several difficulties and obstacles from the market. That is why a company searches for a suitable company that has power and competitive strength to dominate other market competitors. A financially strong industry will be able invest capital for the products that has high market potentiality. An organization or a company will be ultimately gaining from this situation. Their product will be launched safely without any financial barrier(Tan 2013). Marketing and channeling should be done because the social channels are the effective way to spread the news about the new product. Robots are technology based products that is why public demonstration should be arranged. It is not unusual that a technical may not take place. Technical team needs to be hired so that these kind errors are sorted out before it gets public exposure. When the product is being manufactured concept testing and product testing should be done in order to understand how much the product will be popular when it will be launched. The design of a robot should be market appropriate. Its weight and energy saving capacity are the factors that should be kept in mind. Philip Kotler, the theorist has rightly said a product should serve the utility of the consumer. Marketing strategy is all about reaching the desired goal applying a comprehensive plan. The product needs to be the right mix so that it can earn market profit and sustain the market storm(Wu, Zhang and Li 2013). Market research about the product should be made to see the past history about the market. Robotics is a field that has been successful in capturing the attention of audiences. Expertise is needed in order to retain consumer attention. Techno market has to have one quality, the ability to catch the target audiences by surprise so that they get stuck with amazement. An indus try that supports innovations in the field of technology and also acknowledges potentiality in budding companies should be approached for projects that have ample potential(Gooderham et al. 2013). Conclusion: Mitsubishi is a company which has extensive grip on the field of technology. Robotics is a field that needs a systemized plan in order to achieve long term success. Undoubtedly, it is a cost heavy production process. The plan of the product or the product itself should be reliable enough to engage the sight of the consumers. If a company wants promote or launch a new product from other potential industry, it should be kept in mind that a strategic plan should be followed. Marketing is not a constricted discipline it involves a lot of study and involves the whole organization. Communicating about individual vision and strategy helps in developing a plan that is market sustainable. A team should be strong enough to realize the value of the project and act accordingly keeping in mind goals which has to be fulfilled. The field of technology is greatly dependent on cost, time and efficient technical team. An industry should know how to entice consumer attention and make their products wor thy of the market. Reference: Biegl, M., Hasenauer, R., Silberbauer, L., Filo, P., Orgonas, J., Paholkova, B. and Weber, C., 2014, July. Marketing testbeds for high tech innovation: The case of taurob robotics. InManagement of Engineering Technology (PICMET), 2014 Portland International Conference on(pp. 1145-1168). IEEE. Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, C., 2013.Towards a competence theory of the firm. Routledge. Gooderham, P.N., Gooderham, P.N. and Gr_ogaard, B., 2013.International management: theory and practice. Edward Elgar Publishing. Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Hirvonen, S., Laukkanen, T. and Salo, J., 2016. Does brand orientation help B2B SMEs in gaining business growth?.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(4). Hutt, M. and Speh, T., 2012.Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Janita, M.S. and Miranda, F.J., 2013. The antecedents of client loyalty in business-to-business (B2B) electronic marketplaces.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), pp.814-823. Jolibert, A., Mhlbacher, H., Flors, L. and Dubois, P.L., 2012.Marketing management: A value-creation process. Palgrave Macmillan. Kohlbacher, F. and Rabe, B., 2015. Leading the way into the future: the development of a (lead) market for care robotics in Japan.International Journal of Technology, Policy and Management,15(1), pp.21-44. Lilien, G.L., 2016. The B2B Knowledge Gap.International Journal of Research in Marketing. Lotz, A., Ingls-Romero, J.F., Stampfer, D., Lutz, M., Vicente-Chicote, C. and Schlegel, C., 2014. Towards a Stepwise Variability Management Process for Complex Systems: A Robotics Perspective.International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design (IJISMD),5(3), pp.55-74. Tan, H., 2013, November. Research and Design on B2B E-Commerce Supply Chain Management System. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 380, pp. 4771-4774). Tedeschi, J.T. ed., 2013.Impression management theory and social psychological research. Academic Press. Visweswara, U.M., Gohad, A. and Rao, P.S., 2012, October. Out-of-the-enterprise b2b gateway cloud service for emerging markets. InCloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM), 2012 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Vlter, M., Stahl, T., Bettin, J., Haase, A. and Helsen, S., 2013.Model-driven software development: technology, engineering, management. John Wiley Sons. Wu, M., Zhang, H. and Li, Y., 2013, May. Data mining pattern valuation in apparel industry E-commerce cloud. InSoftware Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 2013 4th IEEE International Conference on(pp. 689-692). IEEE.

Is Food Security Really Just About Food

Question: Write about the Report on "Is Food Security Really Just About Food". Answer: Introduction Venessa Barrington. The green plate: The 10 biggest issues with the global food system. Ecosalon publishers. October 5, 2010. Food security has become a matter of concern is most regions across the world reaching the level of becoming global issue. Food security broardly include the conditions associeted with food supply and access to food. Food security, therefore, is not only about food but also about factors influencing food supply, availability and access. Supply of food on the one hand, sorounds food production. food access include factors that affect transportation and marketing of food commodities. Some factors that affects the food production while other factors affect economics of food leading to improved food security or reduction of food security. The following paper examines food production and supply factors and food acces and nutrition as determinants of food security. Food Production and Supply There are various factors that affect production and supple of food commodities. These factors include geopolitical factors, food production labour, human migration and settlemnt patterns, human activities, global food policies, developmental goals, regionality in production and energy requirement for food production. When examining the issue of food security there is need for considering the geopolitical environment. According to Brown L.,[1] there is connection that exist between food price and geopolitics. Geopolitical factors influences both the food production which and food prices in the international market and local market. Brown, L. examines the effects of the food prices on peoples life citing strategies used by richer nations to solve food crisis. Furthermore, the effect of climatic change on crop production need the solution through crops that use less water. In effort to solve food security issues, richer countries forms secrets farming contracts with the local government to cultivate food and industrial crops that has high prices. Food security is not just about food instead of food security require examination of geopolitical environment that influences food production and marketing. Food security requires examination of labour as factor affecting food production. Quisumbing, A., Brown,L., Feldstein, H., Haddad, L. and Pena, C, interestingly present report that shows women as the key source of labour that influence to the food security. There are evidence that shows minimal labour available to increase food production. Men are rerely involved in production henec the role played by women in food economics is great despite gender inequalities. Gender inequalities and poverty undermines role of women in food production affecting the food security. In addition, women play role in ensuring good family nutrition thus improving food security. Women maintain nutrition among children and when a woman get the adequate education, employment and the empoverment nutrition status of the family also improves. There is also need to adopt use of current technology in food production to improve food security[2]. Food production is influence by human migration and settlemnt patterns. Urbanization is typical example of settlement patthern that influence food consumption and lowers agricultural food production. According to Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli, there is connection between the number of food producers, food consumers and the impact of increasing urbanization trends. The increase in refugues issues is one of the key factor that affect both food production and increaes food consumption. Continous migration on the other lowers food production affecting food security. Rural urban migration increases food requirement and consumption in urban areas, the number of consumers increased with no change in number of producers hence the trend remain the same. Food security therefore includes human migration and settlement patterns[3]. Global food policies are key determinants of food security. Global Food Policy Report is a report on food policy published by IFPRI at the biginning examining food policies in relation to global food issues. The currents food policies present challenges to sustainable food productions systems. The primary purpose of food policies should evaluate performance of food policies in sustainable food production and food availability. There is need to reshape global food systems which is key to tackle food security issues. Food security, therefore, involves the review of food policies toward the good of sustainability[4]. Food security needs consideration of developmental goals set by international communities. The state of global food insecurity published by The Food and Agricultural Organization rewiews the progress developmental goals[5]. FAO through the Sustainable Development shows that to solve the food malnutrition there is the need for sustainable political commitments that reduce hunger thus improving food security. In addition, the report shows that there is the need for good food enabling environments. A study conducted in seven different countries to identify the food security environments shows that different countries have responded differently to goals that influences global food security. Few countries recognizes importance of sustainable development goals thus remaining food insecure through out the year.[6] Food security is about adoption of current technology in food production and distribution. Prahlad, K. (2009) presents the implication of technology in food production as the way of improving food security. There are various technologies that can be used to increaes food production, distribution and marketing. Technologies such as biotechnology, information technology and nanotechnology can be used in crop improvement[7]. The article explores technological resources available that with the view to asses their usefulness in improving food production and subsequently food security. Food security is not about food but about food production technological improvement. Embrace science to address global food security is an article written by Sara Wyant in 2016 to show usefulness of technology and innovation to solve the global security issues. The author cite biotechnology as one of the new technology that needs to be embraced to improve food production as a strategy for food security improvement. The author further indicates that all is not about food security; it is about nutrition improvement and poverty reduction. The author uses literature review approach to examine the research works by different writers on the technology topic. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance and uses of technology in the improvement of food production. The overall article has good technological findings though it only concentrates on biotechnology that is not acceptable by most countries[8]. Regionality of food production is another factor that influences food security. The burden of food importation is globally felt on food prices. Joel, K. and bourne J. (2009) analyzes the burden of food production that causes of food crisis. Studies shows that most of food are produced in different places across the world and when trasnported raises the cost of production[9]. The burden of food production is often felt when there is the increase in food prices. According to the report the food crisis felt globally need the critical examination of food production systems. Food crisis witnessed through burden of food production greatly influence food security. The only challenge is on how to localize food production as many countries still remain underdeveloped. Much effort need to put in local food product in order to resuce importation cost. This strategy can help reduce cost of food production lowering food prices hence improved food security. The food security issue is tied to the energy and energy sources used in food production. Application of bio-fuels in food production is most likely to reduce food prices downwards. Lantz B. and Hertel, T. cites that there is most likely that the food prices will reduce downward with introduction of bio-fuels as the alternative source of energy used in food production. As most of writers show that food prices will continue to increase Lantz B, and Hertel, T. (2016) proves that bio-fuels will reduce oil prices lowering food prices[10]. Human activities such as industrialization, deforestation and overcultivation influences food security. Venessa, B. cites food safety, socio-economic factors, declining natural food production systems and poor agricultural productions as factors that affect food the availability. Industrialization causes environmental pollution that threatens existence of natural resources. Different food productions systems and their effect on natural food systems affect the availability of the food that is consumed by individuals globally[11]. Food producers needs to adopt better agricultural production for increasing food availability and limit environmental pollution as food security strategy. Good agricultural production leads to increase food availability thus improving food security. Climatic change is another key determinant of food security that needs to be examined. Research conducted by Food and Agriculture Organization (2016) show that climatic change is most likely to cause poor agricultural production[12]. The erratic climatic change has the detrimental effect on the soil, forest and ocean causing poor agricultural food production. In event to expand on the effect of climatic change affects communities that largely depend on farming, pastoral and fishing as source of livelihood are most likely to be affected. Those communities that largely depend on natural ways to produce food are the casualties of climatic change. Food security form this point of view requires adoption of irrigation and other controlled agricultural production environments. Access to Food and Food Nutrition To understand food security there is need to understand factors that influence access to food and nutrition. Some of the factors that determine access to food and nutrition are socio-economic factors, consumption trends and drivers, infrastructure, peoples culture and food wastes. Caswell, J, and Yaktine, A. (2013) present socio-econmic factors that influence the choice of food consumed by individuals and households in. socio-economic factors that influence food consumed by individual consist of factors that affect acquiring, preparation and consumption of food. Firstly, the choice of food consumed as a factor affecting food security is determined chiefly by time availability, food preference and resources availability for purchasing food. These factors influence the choice of food consumed resulting in good or poor nutrition. Secondly, social and economic issues also relates to food procurement, preparation and consumption to explaind dynamics of food security. Therefore, the issue of food security indicating that the process of acquiring, preparing and consuming food are important food security aspects. In contrast, the author give no information on food production since food production also affect food consumption[13]. The food security also encompasses food consumption trends and drivers as described by Kearney, J. (2010) shows the key drivers for increase food consumption trends that are seen across the world. The increased agricultural production has increased food availability resulting in increase food consumption. Consumption of food such as cereals, meat, eggs and dairy product has increase globally and is promising to remain the same[14]. There is indication that the increase food consumsion trend has a projection up to the year 2050. The statistical data available on food consumption to trends and drivers shows that food security need careful consideration of ways to increase food production. FAO (2011) affirms the infrastructure as driver of food consumption since infrastructure influence marketing of food that has been produced. Infrastructure facilitate trade leading to access to food in different places. Development of road network is important as it ensures that food commodities are t ransported to places it can be access by individuals. Morover, infrastructure facilitate importation of food commodities from one country to another[15]. Food security revolve around peoples culture and cultural preference. Reseach shows that food consumption culture differs globally. Western cultures has embrace consumption of junk foods while most cultures ecourage consumption of stapple food. Global food crisis has triggered cultural shift towards junk food consumption[16]. The culture shift involve adopting of junk food consumption as a eating culture contrary to staple food. High food prices and high poverty level in developing country have cause people living in this regions to change food their culture. The cultural change is used as the way to improve food security and solve the food crisis though this junk food contain simple ingredients such as sugar, starch and fats. Food security also need consideration of amount of food wasted and environmental consequences. A research published by Ron, N. shows the effect of food wasted in the united states landfills on food security and environment. The research indicates that many tons of food decompose in landfills which is economic social and environmental issue[17]. Though the food mostly is wasted in the United States, the effect is felt globally since the decomposing food produces gasses that eventually cause climatic change. Ron creates awareness to the government, environmentalists and the global community on the effect of wasting food. The prevention of food wasting is key to solving food crisis and improving food security. As various contries strive to maintain or solve food security, some reasonable amount of food is wasted. It is therefore important to consider food wastested. Bibliography Brown, LR. The New Geopolitics of Food. The Food Issue: 57-62, 2011. Caswell, J, and A. Yaktine. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Examining the Evidence to Define Benefit Adequacy. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2013. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Climate Change Undermine Global Food Security. Jordan news agency (Petra ): Rome, Italy, 2016. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Women Key to Food Security. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2011. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The State of Food Insecurity in The World 2014: Sustainable Development. United Nations, 2014. https//www.fao.org/publication/sofi/2014/en/ International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2016 Global Food Policy Report: How We Feed The World Is Unsustainable. Global Agricultural Research Partnership: CGAR, April 22, 2016. https//www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2016 Joel, K. and bourne Jr. The Global Food Crisis: National Geographic Society . June 2009. Kearney, John. Food Consumption Trends and Drivers. Philosophical Transactions About the Royal Society B: 365(1554): 27932807, 2010. Lantz Baldos, and Thomas Herte. Debunking the new normal: Why world food prices are expected to resume their long run downward trend. West Lafayette, USA, March 2016, 1(1): 2738. Prahlad Kasturi. Technology and food security, Humanomics, 25(2): 163-168. Ranford, Virginia USA: Emarald Group Publishing Limited, 2009. Quisumbing, AR, LR Brown, HS Feldstein, L Haddad, and C Pena. 1995.Women: The Key to FoodSecurity. Food Policy Report, Washington DC: The International Food Policy Research Institute. Ron Nixon. Food Waste Becoming Serious Economic And Environmental Issue. New York Times: Washington, February 25, 2015. https//www.mobile.anytime.com/2015/02/26/us/food-waste-is-becoming-economic-and-environmental-issue-report-says.html?_r=0 Satterthwaite, D, G McGranahan, and C Tacoli.. Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Satterthwaite D, McGranahan G, Tacoli C. Urbanization and itsimplPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences:365(1554):2809-2820, 2010. Sara Wyant. Vilsack: Embrace science to address global food security. Agri-Pulse Communications Inc. Iowa, 2016. https//www.Agri-Pulse.com Vidal John. Global Food Crisis Triggered Cultural Shift Toward Junk Food. New York: The Oxfarm and Institute For Development, 2016.